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      Relación entre el índice CHA2DS2-VASc y la presencia de trombo auricular en pacientes con fibrilación auricular en plan de cardioversión Translated title: Correlation Between CHA2DS2-VASc Score and Atrial Thrombus in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Cardioversion

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          Abstract

          Introducción Los pacientes con fibrilación auricular representan un grupo de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones tromboembólicas, con consecuencias devastadoras cuando afectan el sistema nervioso central. El rendimiento de los índices de riesgo para predecir eventos clínicos se ha evaluado en numerosas publicaciones, mientras que su relación con la presencia de trombo en la aurícula izquierda o su orejuela se ha explorado menos. Recientemente se ha propuesto la utilización del índice conocido con el acrónimo CHA2DS2-VASc para la estratificación de riesgo cardioembólico. Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de trombo en la aurícula izquierda y su relación con las variables del índice CHA2DS2-VASc y la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes con fibrilación auricular que serán sometidos a cardioversión eléctrica. Material y métodos Se efectuó un registro prospectivo de los antecedentes clínicos de pacientes con fibrilación auricular de tiempo indeterminado o > 48 horas, a los que se les realizó un eco transesofágico previo a una cardioversión eléctrica. Se analizó la relación de las variables que conforman el índice CHA2DS2-VASc y del puntaje total para predecir trombo en el eco transesofágico. Se evaluó además un modelo que resultó de sumar al CHA2DS2-VASc un puntaje según la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo: normal = 0, deterioro leve = 1, moderado = 2, grave = 3. Resultados Se incluyeron 129 pacientes con edad media de 70 ± 12 años, de los cuales 21 (16%) presentaron trombo. Este hallazgo fue más prevalente en pacientes con factores de riesgo, pero alcanzó nivel de significación solo para insuficiencia cardíaca y diabetes. Se observó un incremento progresivo del riesgo de trombo en relación con el CHA2DS2-VASc (3,6 ± 1,6 con trombo vs. 2,7 ± 1 sin trombo; p = 0,024, área bajo la curva ROC = 0,65). La asociación se ve reforzada cuando se incluye la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (p = 0,006, área bajo la curva ROC = 0,69). Un puntaje de CHA2DS2-VASc < 2 no garantizó la ausencia de trombos. Conclusiones El puntaje CHA2DS2-VASc desarrollado para predecir riesgo clínico de fenómenos embólicos también se asocia con la presencia de trombo en pacientes con fibrilación auricular de tiempo indeterminado. El agregado de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo al puntaje total podría mejorar la capacidad predictiva.

          Translated abstract

          Background Patients with atrial fibrillation represent a group of risk for thromboembolic complications, with catastrophic consequences when affecting the central nervous system. The performance of risks scores to predict clinical events has been evaluated by several publications; yet, its correlation with the presence of thrombi in the left atrium or left atrial appendage has been poorly investigated. The use of the CHA2DS2-VASc score has been recently proposed for stratification of throm-boembolic risk. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of left atrial thrombus and its correlation with the components of the CHA2DS2-VASc score and with left ventricular systolic function in patients scheduled for electrical cardioversion. Methods A prospective registry of the medical history of patients with atrial fibrillation of unknown duration or lasting >48 hours, undergoing transesophageal echocardiography before scheduled electrical cardioversion was conducted. The correlation of the components of the CHA2DS2-VASc scores and of the total score with the presence of thrombi in transesophageal echocardiography was analyzed. The result of the sum of the CHA2DS2-VASc score plus a score of left ventricular systolic function (normal = 0, mild dysfunction = 1, moderate dysfunction = 2, severe dysfunction = 3) was also evaluated. Results A total of 129 patients (mean age 70±12 years) were included; 21 (16%) had thrombus. This finding was more prevalent in patients with risk factors, but was only statistically significant for heart failure and diabetes. The risk of thrombus in the LA/LAA progressively increased at higher CHA2DS2-VASc (3.6±1.6 with thrombus vs. 2.7±1 without thrombus; p = 0.024, area under the ROC curve = 0.65). This association was greater when left ventricular systolic function was included (p = 0.006, area under the ROC curve = 0.69). A CHA2DS2-VASc < 2 did not warrant the absence of thrombi.

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          2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine.

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            Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis.

            Atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis is an important cause of stroke. Warfarin is commonly used in preference to aspirin for this disorder, but these therapies have not been compared in a randomized trial. We randomly assigned patients with transient ischemic attack or stroke caused by angiographically verified 50 to 99 percent stenosis of a major intracranial artery to receive warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) or aspirin (1300 mg per day) in a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. The primary end point was ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage, or death from vascular causes other than stroke. After 569 patients had undergone randomization, enrollment was stopped because of concerns about the safety of the patients who had been assigned to receive warfarin. During a mean follow-up period of 1.8 years, adverse events in the two groups included death (4.3 percent in the aspirin group vs. 9.7 percent in the warfarin group; hazard ratio for aspirin relative to warfarin, 0.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.90; P=0.02), major hemorrhage (3.2 percent vs. 8.3 percent, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.39; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.84; P=0.01), and myocardial infarction or sudden death (2.9 percent vs. 7.3 percent, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.40; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.91; P=0.02). The rate of death from vascular causes was 3.2 percent in the aspirin group and 5.9 percent in the warfarin group (P=0.16); the rate of death from nonvascular causes was 1.1 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively (P=0.05). The primary end point occurred in 22.1 percent of the patients in the aspirin group and 21.8 percent of those in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.73 to 1.48; P=0.83). Warfarin was associated with significantly higher rates of adverse events and provided no benefit over aspirin in this trial. Aspirin should be used in preference to warfarin for patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.

              Nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation increases the risk of stroke, presumably from atrial thromboemboli. There is uncertainty about the efficacy and risks of long-term warfarin therapy to prevent stroke. We conducted an unblinded, randomized, controlled trial of long-term, low-dose warfarin therapy (target prothrombin-time ratio, 1.2 to 1.5) in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The control group was not given warfarin but could choose to take aspirin. A total of 420 patients entered the trial (212 in the warfarin group and 208 in the control group) and were followed for an average of 2.2 years. Prothrombin times in the warfarin group were in the target range 83 percent of the time. Only 10 percent of the patients assigned to receive warfarin discontinued the drug permanently. There were 2 strokes in the warfarin group (incidence, 0.41 percent per year) as compared with 13 strokes in the control group (incidence, 2.98 percent per year), for a reduction of 86 percent in the risk of stroke (warfarin:control incidence ratio = 0.14; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.49; P = 0.0022). There were 37 deaths altogether. The death rate was markedly lower in the warfarin group than in the control group: 2.25 percent as compared with 5.97 percent per year, for an incidence ratio of 0.38 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.82; P = 0.005). There was one fatal hemorrhage in each group. The frequency of bleeding events that led to hospitalization or transfusion was essentially the same in both groups. The warfarin group had a higher rate of minor hemorrhage than the control group (38 vs. 21 patients). Long-term low-dose warfarin therapy is highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation, and can be quite safe with careful monitoring.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                rac
                Revista argentina de cardiología
                Rev. argent. cardiol.
                Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires )
                1850-3748
                April 2013
                : 81
                : 2
                : 144-150
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Sanatorio Otamendi Argentina
                [2 ] Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología Argentina
                Article
                S1850-37482013000200012
                10.7775/rac.es.v81.i2.1904
                6f5d0687-206d-423e-b71b-064da9683621

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1850-3748&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Atrial Fibrillation,Transesophageal Echocardiography,Thrombus,Thromboembolism,Cardioversion,Anticoagulants,Ventricular Function,Fibrilación auricular,Eco transesofágico,Trombo,Tromboembolismo,Cardioversión,Anticoagulantes,Función ventricular

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