Polyglycerolsulfate Functionalized Gold Nanorods as Optoacoustic Signal Nanoamplifiers for In Vivo Bioimaging of Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Abstract

We have synthesized a targeted imaging agent for rheumatoid arthritis based on polysulfated gold nanorods. The CTAB layer on gold nanorods was first replaced with PEG-thiol and then with dendritic polyglycerolsulfate at elevated temperature, which resulted in significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared to polyanionic gold nanorods functionalized by non-covalent approaches. In addition to classical characterization methods, we have established a facile UV-VIS based BaCl ₂ agglomeration assay to confirm a quantitative removal of unbound ligand. With the help of a competitive surface plasmon resonance-based L-selectin binding assay and a leukocyte adhesion-based flow cell assay, we have demonstrated the high inflammation targeting potential of the synthesized gold nanorods in vitro. In combination with the surface plasmon resonance band of AuNRs at 780 nm, these findings permitted the imaging of inflammation in an in vivo mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis with high contrast using multispectral optoacoustic tomography. The study offers a robust method for otherwise difficult to obtain covalently functionalized polyanionic gold nanorods, which are suitable for biological applications as well as a low-cost, actively targeted, and high contrast imaging agent for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. This paves the way for further research in other inflammation associated pathologies, in particular, when photothermal therapy can be applied.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Theranostics

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Theranostics

Journal ID (publisher-id): thno

Title: Theranostics

Publisher: Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )

ISSN (Electronic): 1838-7640

Publication date Collection: 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 20 March 2014

Volume: 4

Issue: 6

Pages: 629-641

Affiliations

1. Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;

2. Chair for Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany and Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

3. Research Centre of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;

4. Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;

5. mivenion GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany;

6. Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.

Author notes

✉ Corresponding authors: Jonathan Vonnemann, jonathan.vonnemann@ 123456chemie.fu-berlin.de ; Nicolas Beziere, nicolas.beziere@ 123456helmholtz-muenchen.de .

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Article

Publisher ID: thnov04p0629

DOI: 10.7150/thno.8518

PMC ID: 3982133

PubMed ID: 24723984

SO-VID: 6fc864f3-dafb-4177-aa82-184be77acad7

Copyright © © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.