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      An International Partnership of 12 Anatomy Departments – Improving Global Health through Internationalization of Medical Education

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          Abstract

          Background:

          At a time of global interconnectedness, the internationalization of medical education has become important. Anatomy as an academic discipline, with its close connections to the basic sciences and to medical education, can easily be connected with global health and internationalization of medical education. Here the authors present an international program based on a partnership between twelve anatomy departments in ten countries, on four continents. Details of a proposed plan for the future direction of the program are also discussed.

          Objective:

          The aim is to improve global healthcare by preparing future global healthcare leaders via early international networking, international collaboration and exchange, intercultural experience, and connecting two seemingly distant academic disciplines – anatomy and global health – via internationalization of medical education.

          Methods:

          Based in the anatomy course, the program involved early international collaboration between preclinical medical and dental students. The program provided a stepwise progression for learning about healthcare and intercultural topics beyond pure anatomy education – starting with virtual small groups of international students, who subsequently presented their work to a larger international audience during group videoconferences. The above progressed to in-person visits for research internships in the basic sciences within industrialized countries.

          Findings:

          Students appreciated the international and intercultural interaction, learned about areas outside the scope of anatomy (e.g., differences in healthcare education and delivery systems, Public and Global Health challenges, health ethics, and cultural enrichment), and valued the exchange travel for basic sciences research internships and cultural experience.

          Conclusions:

          This unique collaboration of international anatomy departments can represent a new role for the medical anatomy course beyond pure anatomy teaching – involving areas of global health and internationalization of medical education – and could mark a new era of international collaboration among anatomists.

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          Most cited references44

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          Towards a common definition of global health

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            Global health in medical education: a call for more training and opportunities.

            Worldwide increases in global migration and trade have been making communicable diseases a concern throughout the world and have highlighted the connections in health and medicine among and between continents. Physicians in developed countries are now expected to have a broader knowledge of tropical disease and newly emerging infections, while being culturally sensitive to the increasing number of international travelers and ethnic minority populations. Exposing medical students to these global health issues encourages students to enter primary care medicine, obtain public health degrees, and practice medicine among the poor and ethnic minorities. In addition, medical students who have completed an international clinical rotation often report a greater ability to recognize disease presentations, more comprehensive physical exam skills with less reliance on expensive imaging, and greater cultural sensitivity. American medical students have become increasingly more interested and active in global health, but medical schools have been slow to respond. The authors review the evidence supporting the benefits of promoting more global health teaching and opportunities among medical students. Finally, the authors suggest several steps that medical schools can take to meet the growing global health interest of medical students, which will make them better physicians and strengthen our medical system.
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              Global health competencies and approaches in medical education: a literature review

              Background Physicians today are increasingly faced with healthcare challenges that require an understanding of global health trends and practices, yet little is known about what constitutes appropriate global health training. Methods A literature review was undertaken to identify competencies and educational approaches for teaching global health in medical schools. Results Using a pre-defined search strategy, 32 articles were identified; 11 articles describing 15 global health competencies for undergraduate medical training were found. The most frequently mentioned competencies included an understanding of: the global burden of disease, travel medicine, healthcare disparities between countries, immigrant health, primary care within diverse cultural settings and skills to better interface with different populations, cultures and healthcare systems. However, no consensus on global health competencies for medical students was apparent. Didactics and experiential learning were the most common educational methods used, mentioned in 12 and 13 articles respectively. Of the 11 articles discussing competencies, 8 linked competencies directly to educational approaches. Conclusions This review highlights the imperative to document global health educational competencies and approaches used in medical schools and the need to facilitate greater consensus amongst medical educators on appropriate global health training for future physicians.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Ann Glob Health
                Ann Glob Health
                2214-9996
                Annals of Global Health
                Ubiquity Press
                2214-9996
                06 March 2020
                2020
                : 86
                : 1
                : 27
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, US
                [2 ]Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CA
                [3 ]Department of Anatomy, King’s College London, London, UK
                [4 ]Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), DE
                [5 ]Medical Innovation Center of Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, JP
                [6 ]Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI
                [7 ]Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TW
                [8 ]Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AT
                [9 ]Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, DE
                [10 ]Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, JP
                [11 ]Department of Surgery, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, JP
                [12 ]Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, AU
                [13 ]Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Dr. Anette Wu ( Aw2342@ 123456cumc.columbia.edu )
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-7200
                Article
                10.5334/aogh.2665
                7059426
                32166068
                70725e01-406a-44c6-97fa-a135bd5c4f05
                Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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