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      Effect of adding growth factors during in vitro maturation on the developmental potentials of ewe oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue staining

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          Several factors had been concerned with the developmental competence of the sheep oocyte. This study aims to investigate the effect of adding growth factors (insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and epidermal growth factor [EGF]) in the maturation medium of ewe oocytes selected based on brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) screening on in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization, and pre-implantation embryo development.

          Materials and Methods:

          Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from the ovaries of slaughtered ewes by either aspiration or slicing techniques. COCs were in vitro matured in a medium containing IGF-1 and EGF (control group). For BCB screening, oocytes were stained and divided into BCB+ oocytes that matured in the same maturation conditions without adding growth factors (Group 2) or in the presence of growth factors (Group 3), and BCB− oocytes that matured in medium without growth factors (Group 4) or with growth factors (Group 5).

          Results:

          The supplementation of the maturation medium with growth factors during IVM of (BCB+) oocytes resulted in a significant increase in nuclear maturation rate (90.9%), fertilization rate (75.6%), and embryo developmental rates (60.0%, 46.7%, and 33.3% for cleavage, morula, and blastocyst, respectively).

          Conclusion:

          Culturing BCB+ oocytes in a maturation medium containing both EGF and IGF-1 showed a significant improvement in nuclear maturation, fertilization, and pre-implantation embryo development in vitro.

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          Most cited references32

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          Effect of follicle size on bovine oocyte quality and developmental competence following maturation, fertilization, and culture in vitro.

          The aim of the present series of experiments was to investigate the effect of the size of follicle from which the oocytes originate on their subsequent in vitro developmental ability. Ovarian follicles were isolated and grouped according to size (2-6 mm, > 6 mm). Primary oocytes were carefully liberated and grouped according to morphology into one of five categories: denuded; expanded; with two or three layers of cumulus; with four or five layers; and with many (six or more) layers. Following in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF), and culture (IVC), more oocytes with many layers of cumulus (P 6 mm compared to 2-6 mm follicles (P 6 mm follicles vs. 34.3%, 34/99 from 2-6 mm follicles, respectively). Use of follicular fluid (BFF) from follicles of different sizes in the IVM medium did not significantly increase the cleavage rate or blastocyst yield compared to controls. Administration of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH) to donors prior to slaughter was investigated as a possible means of increasing the number of larger sized follicles in the ovaries and, thereby, the quality of the recovered oocytes. It was found that administration of six injections of pFSH beginning 3 days prior to slaughter resulted in a significant increase (P 6 mm in diameter (31.6%) compared to that in nontreated controls (6.6%) and to animals that received only four injection groups (9.4%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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            Increased genetic gains in sheep, beef and dairy breeding programs from using female reproductive technologies combined with optimal contribution selection and genomic breeding values

            Background Female reproductive technologies such as multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) and juvenile in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer (JIVET) can boost rates of genetic gain but they can also increase rates of inbreeding. Inbreeding can be managed using the principles of optimal contribution selection (OCS), which maximizes genetic gain while placing a penalty on the rate of inbreeding. We evaluated the potential benefits and synergies that exist between genomic selection (GS) and reproductive technologies under OCS for sheep and cattle breeding programs. Methods Various breeding program scenarios were simulated stochastically including: (1) a sheep breeding program for the selection of a single trait that could be measured either early or late in life; (2) a beef breeding program with an early or late trait; and (3) a dairy breeding program with a sex limited trait. OCS was applied using a range of penalties (severe to no penalty) on co-ancestry of selection candidates, with the possibility of using multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) and/or juvenile in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer (JIVET) for females. Each breeding program was simulated with and without genomic selection. Results All breeding programs could be penalized to result in an inbreeding rate of 1 % increase per generation. The addition of MOET to artificial insemination or natural breeding (AI/N), without the use of GS yielded an extra 25 to 60 % genetic gain. The further addition of JIVET did not yield an extra genetic gain. When GS was used, MOET and MOET + JIVET programs increased rates of genetic gain by 38 to 76 % and 51 to 81 % compared to AI/N, respectively. Conclusions Large increases in genetic gain were found across species when female reproductive technologies combined with genomic selection were applied and inbreeding was managed, especially for breeding programs that focus on the selection of traits measured late in life or that are sex-limited. Optimal contribution selection was an effective tool to optimally allocate different combinations of reproductive technologies. Applying a range of penalties to co-ancestry of selection candidates allows a comprehensive exploration of the inbreeding vs. genetic gain space.
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              Recent advances in in vitro embryo production in small ruminants

              To increase productivity in the small ruminant industry, the genetic material of these species should be improved. In vitro embryo production could be an important technology to reach this goal by combining selected male and female gametes. In the world, marketing of in vitro-produced embryos is an economical activity which is progressing rapidly in cattle but is practically nonexistent in small ruminants. Since the birth of the first lamb and kid using IVF in the 80s, several studies have been carried out; however, results still are inconsistent and unpredictable. Moreover, significantly fewer research groups are working on embryo production in small ruminants than in cattle and pigs. Although conventional methodologies of oocyte IVM, IVF, and IVC in small ruminants give rise to blastocysts, significant variation exists between experiments. One important reason for these differences is the heterogeneity of the pool of oocytes recovered from ovaries from slaughtered females. Oocyte quality, also referred to as competence, is the key factor in the success of in vitro embryo production programs. Different criteria are used to select the best oocytes for fertilization, such as follicle size, oocyte diameter and morphological appearance, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue staining. New research lines aimed at improving oocyte competence are: (1) arresting nuclear maturation in vitro allowing optimal capacitation of cytoplasm, (2) growing oocytes inside the follicle, and (3) identification of biomarkers of oocyte competence in granulosa and cumulus cells and metabolites in the follicular fluid.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Vet World
                Vet World
                Veterinary World
                Veterinary World (India )
                0972-8988
                2231-0916
                February 2021
                22 February 2021
                : 14
                : 2
                : 452-456
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
                [2 ]Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Amr F. Elkarmoty, e-mail: amr.elkarmoty@ 123456yahoo.com , Co-author: MF: mido2022@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Vetworld-14-452
                10.14202/vetworld.2021.452-456
                7994115
                33776311
                71f424fd-23af-461b-a483-fe8b18ad85f5
                Copyright: © Fathi and Elkarmoty.

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 12 September 2020
                : 04 January 2021
                Categories
                Research Article

                brilliant cresyl blue,embryo development,growth factors,in vitro fertilization,sheep

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