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      Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus atrophaeus GQJK17 Reveals Its Biocontrol Characteristics as a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium

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          Abstract

          Bacillus atrophaeus GQJK17 was isolated from the rhizosphere of Lycium barbarum L. in China, which was shown to be a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium as a new biological agent against pathogenic fungi and gram-positive bacteria. We present its biological characteristics and complete genome sequence, which contains a 4,325,818 bp circular chromosome with 4,181 coding DNA sequences and a G+C content of 43.3%. A genome analysis revealed a total of 8 candidate gene clusters for producing antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including surfactin, bacillaene, fengycin, and bacillibactin. Some other antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting genes were also discovered. Our results provide insights into the genetic and biological basis of B. atrophaeus strains as a biocontrol agent for application in agriculture.

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          IslandViewer 4: expanded prediction of genomic islands for larger-scale datasets

          Abstract IslandViewer (http://www.pathogenomics.sfu.ca/islandviewer/) is a widely-used webserver for the prediction and interactive visualization of genomic islands (GIs, regions of probable horizontal origin) in bacterial and archaeal genomes. GIs disproportionately encode factors that enhance the adaptability and competitiveness of the microbe within a niche, including virulence factors and other medically or environmentally important adaptations. We report here the release of IslandViewer 4, with novel features to accommodate the needs of larger-scale microbial genomics analysis, while expanding GI predictions and improving its flexible visualization interface. A user management web interface as well as an HTTP API for batch analyses are now provided with a secured authentication to facilitate the submission of larger numbers of genomes and the retrieval of results. In addition, IslandViewer's integrated GI predictions from multiple methods have been improved and expanded by integrating the precise Islander method for pre-computed genomes, as well as an updated IslandPath-DIMOB for both pre-computed and user-supplied custom genome analysis. Finally, pre-computed predictions including virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance are now available for 6193 complete bacterial and archaeal strains publicly available in RefSeq. IslandViewer 4 provides key enhancements to facilitate the analysis of GIs and better understand their role in the evolution of successful environmental microbes and pathogens.
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            Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol.

            In the context of biocontrol of plant diseases, the three families of Bacillus lipopeptides - surfactins, iturins and fengycins were at first mostly studied for their antagonistic activity for a wide range of potential phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Recent investigations have shed light on the fact that these lipopeptides can also influence the ecological fitness of the producing strain in terms of root colonization (and thereby persistence in the rhizosphere) and also have a key role in the beneficial interaction of Bacillus species with plants by stimulating host defence mechanisms. The different structural traits and physico-chemical properties of these effective surface- and membrane-active amphiphilic biomolecules explain their involvement in most of the mechanisms developed by bacteria for the biocontrol of different plant pathogens.
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              Genealogical concordance between the mating type locus and seven other nuclear genes supports formal recognition of nine phylogenetically distinct species within the Fusarium graminearum clade.

              Species limits were investigated within the Fusarium graminearum clade (Fg clade) through phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from portions of 11 nuclear genes including the mating-type (MAT) locus. Nine phylogenetically distinct species were resolved within the Fg clade, and they all possess contiguous MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs consistent with a homothallic reproductive mode. In contrast, only one of the two MAT idiomorphs was found in five other species, four of which were putatively asexual, and the other was heterothallic. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate the MAT genes are under strong purifying selection and that they are functionally constrained, even in species for which a sexual state is unknown. The phylogeny supports a monophyletic and apomorphic origin of homothallism within this clade. Morphological analyses demonstrate that a combination of conidial characters could be used to differentiate three species and three species pairs. Species rank is formally proposed for the eight unnamed species within the Fg clade using fixed nucleotide characters.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2018
                26 June 2018
                : 2018
                : 9473542
                Affiliations
                College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Pengjun Shi

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-4094
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-9103
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-9143
                Article
                10.1155/2018/9473542
                6038694
                30046614
                73aa5d76-e01b-4652-946d-2c23225f2d98
                Copyright © 2018 Jinjin Ma et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 6 February 2018
                : 14 May 2018
                : 21 May 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China
                Award ID: 2017YFD0200804
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 31700094
                Award ID: 31770115
                Award ID: 31600090
                Funded by: Science and Technology Major Projects of Shandong Province
                Award ID: 2015ZDXX0502B02
                Funded by: funds of Shandong “Double Tops” Program
                Award ID: SYL2017XTTD03
                Categories
                Research Article

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