Enhancing biosynthesis and bioactivity of Trachyspermum ammi seed essential oil in response to drought and Azotobacter chroococcum stimulation

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Abstract

Background

Plant growth-promoting bacteria have fundamental role in enhancing natural bioactive compounds and proved to increase the plant growth and mineral availability in soil. These phytochemicals, like phenolic and essential oils, illustrated wide range of biological properties. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum ( A. chroococcum) alone or in combination with slight (irrigation at 80% filed capacity) or moderate (irrigation at 60% filed capacity) drought stresses on the yield, phytochemicals, antioxidant, and the toxicity of Trachyspermum ammi ( T. ammi) seeds essential oil.

Results

Overall, the application of A. chroococcum as plant growth-promoting agent together with slight drought stress significantly ( p < 0.05) resulted in higher essential oil yield, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and higher antioxidant activity. The gene expression analysis in the developing seeds confirmed the up-regulation in the expression of antioxidant-related gene (SOD) and thymol synthesis gene (TSG) upon A. chroococcum bacteria treatment in combination with slight drought stress. The toxicity study showed no prominent signs of toxicity in mice upon oral administration of essential oil up to 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days.

Conclusion

The slight drought stress (irrigation at 80% filed capacity) together with treatment of T. ammi plant with A. chroococcum bacteria as plant growth-promoting agent could be promising approach in improving the yield and medicinal value of the T. ammi seeds essential oil.

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Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests

David Duncan (1955)

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Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview

Duangjai Tungmunnithum, Areeya Thongboonyou, Apinan Pholboon … (2018)

Phenolic compounds as well as flavonoids are well-known as antioxidant and many other important bioactive agents that have long been interested due to their benefits for human health, curing and preventing many diseases. This review attempts to demonstrate an overview of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds as the interesting alternative sources for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. The examples of these phytochemicals from several medicinal plants are also illustrated, and their potential applications in pharmaceutical and medical aspects, especially for health promoting e.g., antioxidant effects, antibacterial effect, anti-cancer effect, cardioprotective effects, immune system promoting and anti-inflammatory effects, skin protective effect from UV radiation and so forth are highlighted.