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      xCITED2 Induces Neural Genes in Animal Cap Explants of Xenopus Embryos

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          Abstract

          Neural tissue is arisen from presumptive ectoderm via inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling during Xenopus early development. Previous studies demonstrate that ectopic expression of dominant negative BMP4 receptor (DNBR) produces neural tissue in animal cap explants (AC) and also increases the expression level of various genes involved in neurogenesis. To investigate detail mechanism of neurogenesis in transcriptional level, we analyzed RNAs increased by DNBR using total RNA sequencing analysis and identified several candidate genes. Among them, xCITED2 ( Xenopus CBP/p300-interacting transcription activator) was induced 4.6 fold by DNBR and preferentially expressed in neural tissues at tadpole stage. Ectopic expression of xCITED2 induced anterior neural genes without mesoderm induction and reduced BMP downstream genes, an eye specific marker and posterior neural marker. Taken together, these results suggest that xCITED2 may have a role in the differentiation of anterior neural tissue during Xenopus early development.

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          Most cited references32

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          CBP/p300 in cell growth, transformation, and development.

          Richard H. Goodman, Sarah Smolik (2000)
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            Conversion of Xenopus ectoderm into neurons by NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix protein.

            S Hollenberg, H Weintraub, Jared L. Snider … (1995)
            Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are instrumental in determining cell type during development. A bHLH protein, termed NeuroD, for neurogenic differentiation, has now been identified as a differentiation factor for neurogenesis because (i) it is expressed transiently in a subset of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems at the time of their terminal differentiation into mature neurons and (ii) ectopic expression of neuroD in Xenopus embryos causes premature differentiation of neuronal precursors. Furthermore, neuroD can convert presumptive epidermal cells into neurons and also act as a neuronal determination gene. However, unlike another previously identified proneural gene (XASH-3), neuroD seems competent to bypass the normal inhibitory influences that usually prevent neurogenesis in ventral and lateral ectoderm and is capable of converting most of the embryonic ectoderm into neurons. The data suggest that neuroD may participate in the terminal differentiation step during vertebrate neuronal development.
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              Formation and function of Spemann's organizer.

              J C GERHART, R. Harland (1996)
              The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general mesoendoderm inducer (involving the TFG-beta signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Exp Neurobiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EN
                Title: Experimental Neurobiology
                Publisher: The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Science
                ISSN (Print): 1226-2560
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-8144
                Publication date (Print): September 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 September 2011
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 123-129
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
                [2 ]Facial Skeleton Bio Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
                [3 ]Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
                Author notes
                To whom correspondence should be addressed. TEL: 82-33-248-2544, FAX: 82-33-244-8425, jbkim@ 123456hallym.ac.kr

                #These authors equally contributed to this work.

                Article
                DOI: 10.5607/en.2011.20.3.123
                PMC ID: 3214773
                PubMed ID: 22110370
                SO-VID: 75e4597e-7b6d-4d02-b4fa-c4b8114e1416
                Copyright © Copyright © Experimental Neurobiology 2011.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 31 May 2011
                Date accepted : 17 June 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: dnbr,xcited2,xenopus,neurogenesis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: dnbr, xcited2, xenopus, neurogenesis

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