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      Tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular function, and renal congestion: a cardiorenal triangle

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          Abstract

          There is a growing interest in the evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation due to its increasing prevalence and detrimental impact on clinical outcomes. Historically, it has been coined the “forgotten” defect in the field of valvular heart disease due to the lack of effective treatments to improve prognosis. However, the development of percutaneous treatment techniques has led to a new era in its management, with promising results and diminished complication risk. In spite of these advances, a comprehensive exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms is essential to establish clear indications and optimal timing for medical and percutaneous intervention. This review will address the most important aspects related to the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of tricuspid regurgitation from a cardiorenal perspective, with a special emphasis on the interaction between right ventricular dysfunction and the development of hepatorenal congestion.

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          Most cited references73

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          Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography.

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            Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

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              Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative

              A consensus conference on cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) was held in Venice Italy, in September 2008 under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). The following topics were matter of discussion after a systematic literature review and the appraisal of the best available evidence: definition/classification system; epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and biomarkers; prevention/protection strategies; management and therapy. The umbrella term CRS was used to identify a disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. Different syndromes were identified and classified into five subtypes. Acute CRS (type 1): acute worsening of heart function (AHF–ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2): chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3): acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4): chronic kidney disease leading to heart injury, disease, and/or dysfunction. Secondary CRS (type 5): systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. Consensus statements concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management strategies are discussed in the paper for each of the syndromes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2371726/overviewRole:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1445996/overviewRole:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1751410/overviewRole:
                Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1979078/overviewRole:
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                Journal
                Front Cardiovasc Med
                Front Cardiovasc Med
                Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
                Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2297-055X
                04 October 2023
                2023
                : 10
                : 1255503
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [ 2 ]Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [ 3 ]Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON, Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marta Maria Cobo Marcos, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital Majadahonda, Spain

                Reviewed by: Zorba Blazquez-Bermejo, University Hospital October 12, Spain Alei Fort, Doctor Josep Trueta Girona University Hospital, Spain

                [* ] Correspondence: Marta Farrero mfarrero@ 123456clinic.cat
                Article
                10.3389/fcvm.2023.1255503
                10583553
                37859684
                764a130c-b5df-4e70-af80-4cb50ac5c577
                © 2023 Forado-Benatar, Caravaca-Pérez, Rodríguez-Espinosa, Guzman-Bofarull, Cuadrado-Payán, Moayedi, Broseta and Farrero.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 08 July 2023
                : 18 September 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 75, Pages: 0, Words: 0
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
                Categories
                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Mini Review
                Custom metadata
                Heart Valve Disease

                tricuspid regurgitation,right ventricular function,heart failure,abdominal congestion,cardiorenal,diuretic resistance,ultrafiltration

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