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      Lives versus Livelihoods? Perceived economic risk has a stronger association with support for COVID-19 preventive measures than perceived health risk

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      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Psychology, Health care, Risk factors

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          Abstract

          This paper examines whether compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures is motivated by wanting to save lives or save the economy (or both), and which implications this carries to fight the pandemic. National representative samples were collected from 24 countries (N = 25,435). The main predictors were (1) perceived risk to contract coronavirus, (2) perceived risk to suffer economic losses due to coronavirus, and (3) their interaction effect. Individual and country-level variables were added as covariates in multilevel regression models. We examined compliance with various preventive health behaviors and support for strict containment policies. Results show that perceived economic risk consistently predicted mitigation behavior and policy support—and its effects were positive. Perceived health risk had mixed effects. Only two significant interactions between health and economic risk were identified—both positive.

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          Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation.

          The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2001, American Psychological Association, 2010) calls for the reporting of effect sizes and their confidence intervals. Estimates of effect size are useful for determining the practical or theoretical importance of an effect, the relative contributions of factors, and the power of an analysis. We surveyed articles published in 2009 and 2010 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, noting the statistical analyses reported and the associated reporting of effect size estimates. Effect sizes were reported for fewer than half of the analyses; no article reported a confidence interval for an effect size. The most often reported analysis was analysis of variance, and almost half of these reports were not accompanied by effect sizes. Partial η2 was the most commonly reported effect size estimate for analysis of variance. For t tests, 2/3 of the articles did not report an associated effect size estimate; Cohen's d was the most often reported. We provide a straightforward guide to understanding, selecting, calculating, and interpreting effect sizes for many types of data and to methods for calculating effect size confidence intervals and power analysis.
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            Defining the Epidemiology of Covid-19 — Studies Needed

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              Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study.

              With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                cfn1@nyu.edu
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                6 May 2021
                6 May 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 9669
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.440573.1, Department of Psychology, , New York University Abu Dhabi, ; PO BOX 129188, Saadiyat Island, UAE
                [2 ]GRID grid.27755.32, ISNI 0000 0000 9136 933X, University of Virginia, ; Charlottesville, USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.4830.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0407 1981, University of Groningen, ; Groningen, The Netherlands
                [4 ]GRID grid.7177.6, ISNI 0000000084992262, University of Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [5 ]GRID grid.410558.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0035 6670, University of Thessaly, ; Volos, Greece
                [6 ]GRID grid.440422.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0807 5654, International Islamic University Malaysia, ; Gombak, Malaysia
                [7 ]Pristine University, Pristine, Kosovo
                [8 ]Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey
                [9 ]GRID grid.441917.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2196 144X, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, ; Lima, Peru
                [10 ]GRID grid.412782.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0609 4693, University of Sargodha, ; Sargodha, Pakistan
                [11 ]GRID grid.5334.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0637 1566, Sabanci University, ; Istanbul, Turkey
                [12 ]GRID grid.411987.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2153 4317, De La Salle University, ; Manila, Philippines
                [13 ]GRID grid.412434.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1127, Thammasat University, ; Pathumthani, Thailand
                [14 ]GRID grid.264381.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 989X, Sungkyunkwan University, ; Seoul, South Korea
                [15 ]GRID grid.9531.e, ISNI 0000000106567444, Heriot Watt University, ; Edinburgh, Scotland
                [16 ]GRID grid.5591.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 6276, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), ; Budapest, Hungary
                [17 ]GRID grid.7149.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2166 9385, University of Belgrade, ; Belgrade, Serbia
                [18 ]GRID grid.34555.32, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 8248, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, ; Kiev, Ukraine
                [19 ]GRID grid.10211.33, ISNI 0000 0000 9130 6144, Leuphana University Luneburg, ; Lüneburg, Germany
                [20 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Sapienza University of Rome, ; Rome, Italy
                [21 ]GRID grid.9759.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2232 2818, University of Kent, ; Canterbury, UK
                [22 ]GRID grid.8168.7, ISNI 0000000419371784, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, ; Iasi, Romania
                [23 ]GRID grid.26009.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, Duke University, ; Durham, USA
                [24 ]GRID grid.10702.34, ISNI 0000 0001 2308 8920, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), ; Madrid, Spain
                [25 ]GRID grid.5522.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, Jagiellonian University, ; Kraków, Poland
                [26 ]GRID grid.411305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1762 1954, University Setif 2, ; Sétif, Algeria
                [27 ]GRID grid.5337.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, University of Bristol, ; Bristol, UK
                [28 ]GRID grid.411775.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 4712, Menoufia University, ; Al Minufiyah, Egypt
                [29 ]GRID grid.9581.5, ISNI 0000000120191471, Universitas Indonesia, ; Depok, Indonesia
                [30 ]GRID grid.412047.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0532 3650, National Chung-Cheng University, ; Chiayi, Taiwan
                [31 ]GRID grid.10822.39, ISNI 0000 0001 2149 743X, University of Novi Sad, ; Novi Sad, Serbia
                [32 ]GRID grid.4808.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0657 4636, University of Zagreb, ; Zagreb, Croatia
                [33 ]GRID grid.463064.3, ISNI 0000 0004 4651 0380, Yale-NUS College, ; Singapore, Singapore
                [34 ]HCMC University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
                [35 ]Independent Researcher, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
                [36 ]GRID grid.164295.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 7177, University of Maryland, ; College Park, USA
                [37 ]GRID grid.8250.f, ISNI 0000 0000 8700 0572, Durham University, ; Durham, UK
                [38 ]GRID grid.412828.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0692 6937, Udayana University, ; Denpasar, Indonesia
                [39 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, Australia
                [40 ]GRID grid.494717.8, ISNI 0000000115480420, Université Clermont-Auvergne, ; Clermont-Ferrand, France
                [41 ]GRID grid.11835.3e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9262, University of Sheffield, ; Sheffield, UK
                [42 ]GRID grid.152326.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2264 7217, Vanderbilt University, ; Nashville, USA
                [43 ]GRID grid.412771.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 5428, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, ; Sokoto, Nigeria
                [44 ]GRID grid.411901.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 9102, University of Cordoba, ; Córdoba, Spain
                [45 ]GRID grid.266976.a, ISNI 0000 0001 1882 0101, University of Peshawar, ; Peshawar, Pakistan
                [46 ]GRID grid.507502.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0493 9138, Islamic Azad University, ; Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran
                [47 ]GRID grid.410682.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0578 2005, National Research University Higher School of Economics, ; Moscow, Russia
                [48 ]NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan
                [49 ]GRID grid.5602.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9745 6549, University of Camerino, ; Camerino, Italy
                [50 ]GRID grid.7491.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0944 9128, Bielefeld University, ; Bielefeld, Germany
                [51 ]GRID grid.9024.f, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 4641, University of Siena, ; Siena, Italy
                [52 ]GRID grid.8391.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8024, University of Exeter, ; Exeter, UK
                [53 ]International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
                [54 ]GRID grid.449457.f, New York University Shanghai, ; Shanghai, China
                [55 ]GRID grid.56302.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 5396, King Saud University, ; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [56 ]GRID grid.253557.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0728 3670, California State University, East Bay, ; Hayward, USA
                [57 ]GRID grid.27476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 0943 978X, Nagoya University, ; Nagoya, Japan
                [58 ]GRID grid.5132.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2312 1970, Leiden University, ; Leiden, The Netherlands
                [59 ]GRID grid.5477.1, ISNI 0000000120346234, Utrecht University, ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [60 ]GRID grid.264978.6, ISNI 0000 0000 9564 9822, University of Georgia, ; Athens, Georgia
                [61 ]GRID grid.411382.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1770 0716, Lingnan University, ; Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
                [62 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Imperial College London, ; London, UK
                [63 ]GRID grid.443909.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 4466, Universidad de Chile, ; Santiago, Chile
                Article
                88314
                10.1038/s41598-021-88314-4
                8102566
                33958617
                774595a5-e483-43e6-b759-f900c2eee1dc
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 9 July 2020
                : 7 April 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: New York University Abu Dhabi through Vice-Chancellor Support for COVID-19 research
                Funded by: Groningen University via the Ubbo Emmius Fund
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                psychology,health care,risk factors
                Uncategorized
                psychology, health care, risk factors

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