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      Physiological Metabolic Responses of Ophraella communa to High Temperature Stress

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          Abstract

          Considering the predicted rising temperatures under current climate change and heat wave scenarios, organisms are expected to suffer more intense and frequent thermal stress. Induced heat is accumulated by organisms and can cause a variety of physiological stress responses. Ophraella communa is an effective biological control agent of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, but the responses of this biocontrol agent to heat stress have not been fully elucidated and, therefore, its potential responses to climate change are uncertain. We investigated the physiological metabolism of subsequent O. communa adults after: (1) different developmental stages (egg, larval, pupal, and adult) were exposed to thermal stress for 3 h each day for 3, 5, 5, and 5 days, respectively (by stage); and (2) individuals were exposed to thermal stress throughout the egg-to-adult period for 3 h each day. The high temperatures of 40, 42, and 44°C were used to induce thermal stress. A control group was reared at 28 ± 2°C. The results showed that short- or long-term exposure to daily phasic high temperatures significantly decreased water and lipid contents and significantly increased glycogen and glycerol contents in all adults (i.e., after exposure of different stages or throughout the egg-to-adult period). However, the total sugar content significantly increased in adults after the eggs and larvae were exposed to brief short-term thermal stress. Compared to the control, the total sugar content was also significantly higher in the adults and pupae exposed to 44°C. Total sugar content in females increased significantly in response to long-term phasic thermal stress at 40°C. However, sugar content of males exposed to 44°C decreased significantly. After long-term phasic thermal stress, water and glycogen contents in males were significantly higher than in females; however, females had higher total sugar and lipid contents. Therefore, our study provides a basic understanding of the metabolic responses of O. communa to thermal stress and offers insights into its potential as a natural biocontrol agent against A. artemisiifolia during the summer season and under predicted climate change scenarios.

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          Most cited references93

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          Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses.

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          Organic osmolytes are small solutes used by cells of numerous water-stressed organisms and tissues to maintain cell volume. Similar compounds are accumulated by some organisms in anhydrobiotic, thermal and possibly pressure stresses. These solutes are amino acids and derivatives, polyols and sugars, methylamines, methylsulfonium compounds and urea. Except for urea, they are often called ;compatible solutes', a term indicating lack of perturbing effects on cellular macromolecules and implying interchangeability. However, these features may not always exist, for three reasons. First, some of these solutes may have unique protective metabolic roles, such as acting as antioxidants (e.g. polyols, taurine, hypotaurine), providing redox balance (e.g. glycerol) and detoxifying sulfide (hypotaurine in animals at hydrothermal vents and seeps). Second, some of these solutes stabilize macromolecules and counteract perturbants in non-interchangeable ways. Methylamines [e.g. trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)] can enhance protein folding and ligand binding and counteract perturbations by urea (e.g. in elasmobranchs and mammalian kidney), inorganic ions, and hydrostatic pressure in deep-sea animals. Trehalose and proline in overwintering insects stabilize membranes at subzero temperatures. Trehalose in insects and yeast, and anionic polyols in microorganisms around hydrothermal vents, can protect proteins from denaturation by high temperatures. Third, stabilizing solutes appear to be used in nature only to counteract perturbants of macromolecules, perhaps because stabilization is detrimental in the absence of perturbation. Some of these solutes have applications in biotechnology, agriculture and medicine, including in vitro rescue of the misfolded protein of cystic fibrosis. However, caution is warranted if high levels cause overstabilization of proteins.
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            Adaptation of Drosophila to temperature extremes: bringing together quantitative and molecular approaches

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              All climate change scenarios predict an increase in both global temperature means and the magnitude of seasonal and diel temperature variation. The nonlinear relationship between temperature and biological processes means that fluctuating temperatures lead to physiological, life history, and ecological consequences for ectothermic insects that diverge from those predicted from constant temperatures. Fluctuating temperatures that remain within permissive temperature ranges generally improve performance. By contrast, those which extend to stressful temperatures may have either positive impacts, allowing repair of damage accrued during exposure to thermal extremes, or negative impacts from cumulative damage during successive exposures. We discuss the mechanisms underlying these differing effects. Fluctuating temperatures could be used to enhance or weaken insects in applied rearing programs, and any prediction of insect performance in the field-including models of climate change or population performance-must account for the effect of fluctuating temperatures.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                27 August 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 1053
                Affiliations
                [1] 1State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing, China
                [2] 2Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanning, China
                [3] 3Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Sub Campus , Umerkot, Pakistan
                [4] 4State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Henan, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Petros T. Damos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

                Reviewed by: Jose Eduardo Serrão, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil; Pablo E. Schilman, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

                *Correspondence: Fanghao Wan, wanfanghao@ 123456caas.cn

                This article was submitted to Invertebrate Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2019.01053
                6718515
                77590e34-970c-477f-95dd-3ba901a343e0
                Copyright © 2019 Chen, Solangi, Zhao, Yang, Guo, Wan and Zhou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 31 January 2019
                : 02 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 10, Equations: 2, References: 102, Pages: 14, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Categories
                Physiology
                Original Research

                Anatomy & Physiology
                leaf beetle,heat stress,developmental stage,physiological responses,common ragweed

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