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      Residual SYNTAX Score and One-Year Outcome in Elderly Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

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          Abstract

          Background

          The residual burden of coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been associated with worse ischemic outcome. However, data are conflicting in elderly patients. The aim of our study was to verify the incremental value of the residual Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score (rSS) over clinical variables and baseline SYNTAX score (bSS) in predicting 1-year mortality or cardiovascular events.

          Methods

          A post hoc analysis of data collected in the Elderly-ACS 2 multicenter randomized trial was performed. We included 630 patients aged > 75 years with multivessel coronary disease undergoing PCI for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The primary outcome was a composite of death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and stroke at 1-year follow up. Change in c-statistic and standardized net benefit were used to evaluate the incremental value of the rSS.

          Results

          Event rates were significantly higher in patients with incomplete revascularization (rSS > 8). When the rSS was included in a core Cox regression model containing age, previous myocardial infarction, and ACS type, the hazard ratio for patients with score values > 8 was 2.47 (95% confidence interval, 1.51-4.06). However, the core model with rSS did not increase the c-statistic compared with the core model with the bSS (from 0.69 to 0.70) and gave little incremental value in the standardized net benefit.

          Conclusions

          In elderly patients with ACS with multivessel disease undergoing PCI, incomplete revascularization was associated with worse outcome at 1-year follow-up. However, there was no clear incremental value of the rSS in the prediction of 1-year adverse outcome compared with a model including clinical variables and bSS.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Le fardeau résiduel de la coronaropathie après une intervention coronarienne percutanée (ICP) a été associé à de moins bons résultats sur le plan ischémique. Les données recueillies chez les patients âgés sont toutefois contradictoires. Cette étude avait donc pour objectif de valider la valeur ajoutée du score SYNTAX ( SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery) résiduel (SSr) par rapport aux paramètres cliniques et au score SYNTAX initial (SSi) pour prédire la mortalité à 1 an et les manifestations cardiovasculaires.

          Méthodologie

          Une analyse a posteriori des données de l’étude multicentrique avec répartition aléatoire Elderly-ACS 2 a été effectuée. Pour ce faire, 630 patients âgés de plus de 75 ans, atteints d’une coronaropathie multitronculaire et ayant subi une ICP pour traiter un syndrome coronarien aigu (SCA) ont été retenus. Le critère d’évaluation principal était composé du décès, de l’infarctus du myocarde récurrent et de l’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) au moment du suivi à 1 an. La variation de la statistique C et le bénéfice net normalisé ont servi à évaluer la valeur ajoutée du SSr.

          Résultats

          Les manifestations étaient significativement plus fréquentes chez les patients dont la revascularisation était incomplète (SSr > 8). Lorsque le SSr a été pris en compte dans un modèle de régression de Cox de base ayant pour facteurs l’âge, les antécédents d’infarctus du myocarde et le type de SCA, le rapport des risques instantanés pour les patients ayant un score > 8 était de 2,47 (intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 1,51-4,06). L’intégration du SSr dans le modèle de base n’a toutefois pas donné lieu à une statistique C plus élevée que celle du SSi (0,70 vs 0,69) et conférait peu de valeur ajoutée sur le plan du bénéfice net normalisé.

          Conclusions

          Chez les patients âgés présentant un SCA et une atteinte multitronculaire, et subissant une ICP, la revascularisation incomplète a été associée à de moins bons résultats au moment du suivi à 1 an. Le SSr n’a toutefois pas été clairement associé à une valeur ajoutée pour prédire une issue défavorable à 1 an comparativement à un modèle reposant sur des paramètres cliniques et le SSi.

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          Most cited references21

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          The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease.

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            Anatomical and clinical characteristics to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention for individual patients: development and validation of SYNTAX score II.

            The anatomical SYNTAX score is advocated in European and US guidelines as an instrument to help clinicians decide the optimum revascularisation method in patients with complex coronary artery disease. The absence of an individualised approach and of clinical variables to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are limitations of the SYNTAX score. SYNTAX score II aimed to overcome these limitations. SYNTAX score II was developed by applying a Cox proportional hazards model to results of the randomised all comers SYNTAX trial (n=1800). Baseline features with strong associations to 4-year mortality in either the CABG or the PCI settings (interactions), or in both (predictive accuracy), were added to the anatomical SYNTAX score. Comparisons of 4-year mortality predictions between CABG and PCI were made for each patient. Discriminatory performance was quantified by concordance statistics and internally validated with bootstrap resampling. External validation was done in the multinational all comers DELTA registry (n=2891), a heterogeneous population that included patients with three-vessel disease (26%) or complex coronary artery disease (anatomical SYNTAX score ≥33, 30%) who underwent CABG or PCI. The SYNTAX trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00114972. SYNTAX score II contained eight predictors: anatomical SYNTAX score, age, creatinine clearance, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease, peripheral vascular disease, female sex, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SYNTAX score II significantly predicted a difference in 4-year mortality between patients undergoing CABG and those undergoing PCI (p(interaction) 0·0037). To achieve similar 4-year mortality after CABG or PCI, younger patients, women, and patients with reduced LVEF required lower anatomical SYNTAX scores, whereas older patients, patients with ULMCA disease, and those with COPD, required higher anatomical SYNTAX scores. Presence of diabetes was not important for decision making between CABG and PCI (p(interaction) 0·67). SYNTAX score II discriminated well in all patients who underwent CABG or PCI, with concordance indices for internal (SYNTAX trial) validation of 0·725 and for external (DELTA registry) validation of 0·716, which were substantially higher than for the anatomical SYNTAX score alone (concordance indices of 0·567 and 0·612, respectively). A nomogram was constructed that allowed for an accurate individualised prediction of 4-year mortality in patients proposing to undergo CABG or PCI. Long-term (4-year) mortality in patients with complex coronary artery disease can be well predicted by a combination of anatomical and clinical factors in SYNTAX score II. SYNTAX score II can better guide decision making between CABG and PCI than the original anatomical SYNTAX score. Boston Scientific Corporation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Assessment of the SYNTAX score in the Syntax study.

              The SYNTAX score has been designed to better anticipate the risks of percutaneous or surgical revascularisation, taking into account the functional impact of the coronary circulation with all its anatomic components including the presence of bifurcations, total occlusions, thrombus, calcification, and small vessels. The purpose of this paper is to describe the baseline assessment of the SYNTAX score in the Syntax randomised trial, the corelab reproducibility, the potential difference in score assessment between the investigator and the corelab, and to ascertain the impact on one-year outcome after either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in patients with complex coronary artery disease. To assess the reliability of Syntax scoring, 100 diagnostic angiograms from the Syntax trial were randomly selected and assessed independently by two observers. Intra-observer variability was assessed by analysing 91 sets of angiograms after an interval of at least eight weeks by one of the observers. Clinical outcomes in the randomised cohort of the Syntax trial up to one year are presented with stratification by tertile group of the SYNTAX score. The weighted kappa value for the inter-observer reproducibility on the global score was 0.45, while the intra-observer weighted kappa value was 0.59. The SYNTAX score as calculated by investigators consistently underscored the corelab score by 3.4 points. When the Syntax randomised cohort was stratified by tertiles of the SYNTAX score, there were similar or non-significantly different MACCE rates in those with low or intermediate scores; however in the top tertile the MACCE rate was greater in those receiving PCI compared to CABG. The SYNTAX score is a visual coronary score with an acceptable corelab reproducibility that has an impact on the one-year outcome of those having PCI, whereas it has no effect on the one-year outcome following surgical revascularisation. The SYNTAX score tool is likely to be useful in a wide range of patients with complex coronary disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                Elsevier
                2589-790X
                20 March 2020
                July 2020
                20 March 2020
                : 2
                : 4
                : 236-243
                Affiliations
                [a ]Unità di Cure Intensive Cardiologiche and De Gasperis Cardio-Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
                [b ]Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
                [c ]Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, Italy
                [d ]Interventional Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                [e ]Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Manzoni, Lecco, Italy
                [f ]Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Infermi, Rimini, Italy
                [g ]Division of Cardiology, ASST Bergamo ovest-ospedale di Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
                [h ]Division of Cardiology, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
                [i ]Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
                [j ]Interventional Cardiology Unit, Cardio Thoraco Vascular Department (DICATOV), IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
                [k ]Interventional Cardiology Division and De Gasperis Cardio-Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
                [l ]Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Baggiovara, Modena, Italy
                [m ]Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
                [n ]Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Civile, Legnano, Italy
                [o ]Division of Cardiology, Ospedale S. Stefano, Prato, Italy
                [p ]Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Ruggi D’ Aragona, Salerno, Italy
                [q ]Cardiovascular Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
                [r ]Division of Cardiology – Azienda ULSS “Veneto Orientale,” San Donà di Piave, Venezia, Italy
                [s ]University of Pavia, Italy, Milan, Italy
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author: Dr Nuccia Morici, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare, Intensive Coronary Care Unit and De Gasperis Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore, 3, Milan 20162, Italy. nuccia.morici@ 123456ospedaleniguarda.it
                Article
                S2589-790X(20)30029-9
                10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.005
                7365822
                32695974
                77699957-9824-4bfb-b736-c66367e0998c
                © 2020 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 January 2020
                : 12 March 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

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