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      Drug abusers have impaired cerebral oxygenation and cognition during exercise

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          Abstract

          Background

          Individuals with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have lower baseline metabolic activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with impairment of cognitive functions in decision-making and inhibitory control. Aerobic exercise has shown to improve PFC function and cognitive performance, however, its effects on SUD individuals remain unclear.

          Purpose

          To verify the cognitive performance and oxygenation of the PFC during an incremental exercise in SUD individuals.

          Methods

          Fourteen individuals under SUD treatment performed a maximum graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer with continuous measurements of oxygen consumption, PFC oxygenation, and inhibitory control (Stroop test) every two minutes of exercise at different intensities. Fifteen non-SUD individuals performed the same protocol and were used as control group.

          Results

          Exercise increased oxyhemoglobin (O 2Hb) and total hemoglobin (tHb) by 9% and 7%, respectively. However, when compared to a non-SUD group, this increase was lower at high intensities (p<0.001), and the inhibitory cognitive control was lower at rest and during exercise (p<0.007). In addition, PFC hemodynamics during exercise was inversely correlated with inhibitory cognitive performance (reaction time) (r = -0.62, p = 0.001), and a lower craving perception for the specific abused substance (p = 0.0189) was reported immediately after exercise.

          Conclusion

          Despite SUD individuals having their PFC cerebral oxygenation increased during exercise, they presented lower cognition and oxygenation when compared to controls, especially at elevated intensities. These results may reinforce the role of exercise as an adjuvant treatment to improve PFC function and cognitive control in individuals with SUD.

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          Most cited references36

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          Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications.

          The loss of control over drug intake that occurs in addiction was initially believed to result from disruption of subcortical reward circuits. However, imaging studies in addictive behaviours have identified a key involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) both through its regulation of limbic reward regions and its involvement in higher-order executive function (for example, self-control, salience attribution and awareness). This Review focuses on functional neuroimaging studies conducted in the past decade that have expanded our understanding of the involvement of the PFC in drug addiction. Disruption of the PFC in addiction underlies not only compulsive drug taking but also accounts for the disadvantageous behaviours that are associated with addiction and the erosion of free will.
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            HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.

            Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for studying evoked hemodynamic changes within the brain. By this technique, changes in the optical absorption of light are recorded over time and are used to estimate the functionally evoked changes in cerebral oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations that result from local cerebral vascular and oxygen metabolic effects during brain activity. Over the past three decades this technology has continued to grow, and today NIRS studies have found many niche applications in the fields of psychology, physiology, and cerebral pathology. The growing popularity of this technique is in part associated with a lower cost and increased portability of NIRS equipment when compared with other imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. With this increasing number of applications, new techniques for the processing, analysis, and interpretation of NIRS data are continually being developed. We review some of the time-series and functional analysis techniques that are currently used in NIRS studies, we describe the practical implementation of various signal processing techniques for removing physiological, instrumental, and motion-artifact noise from optical data, and we discuss the unique aspects of NIRS analysis in comparison with other brain imaging modalities. These methods are described within the context of the MATLAB-based graphical user interface program, HomER, which we have developed and distributed to facilitate the processing of optical functional brain data.
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              Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administration
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 November 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 11
                : e0188030
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Department of Physical Education, NEUROEX–Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Natal, RN, Brazil
                [2 ] Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
                [3 ] Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Biophysics and Pharmacology Department, Natal, RN, Brazil
                [4 ] Londrina State University, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Londrina, PR, Brazil
                [5 ] Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
                [6 ] Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
                [7 ] Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
                Sao Paulo State University, BRAZIL
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7547-2094
                Article
                PONE-D-17-23345
                10.1371/journal.pone.0188030
                5681256
                29125875
                7965b950-dd28-441a-b8c1-a69d55d7822d
                © 2017 Grandjean da Costa et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 June 2017
                : 11 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Brain
                Prefrontal Cortex
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Brain
                Prefrontal Cortex
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                Physical Fitness
                Exercise
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Exercise
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Exercise
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                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
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                Cognitive Neurology
                Cognitive Impairment
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                Neurology
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                Pharmacology
                Pharmacokinetics
                Drug Metabolism
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
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                Cognitive Neuroscience
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                Neuropsychological Testing
                Stroop Test
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                Neuroscience
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
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