For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
43
views
408
references
 Top references
cited by
212
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      558
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future

      review-article
      Author(s): *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: International Immunopharmacology
      Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
      Keywords: Innate immunity, TLRs, Infection, Inflammation, PAMPs, PRRs

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed.

          Graphical abstract

          Highlights

          • •

            TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response

          • •

            The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation

          • •

            The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells

          • •

            An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases

          • •

            Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration

          Related collections

          Most cited references408

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood.

          Stephen R Clark, Adrienne C Ma, Samantha A Tavener … (2007)
          It has been known for many years that neutrophils and platelets participate in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis, but the inter-relationship between these players is completely unknown. We report several cellular events that led to enhanced trapping of bacteria in blood vessels: platelet TLR4 detected TLR4 ligands in blood and induced platelet binding to adherent neutrophils. This led to robust neutrophil activation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Plasma from severely septic humans also induced TLR4-dependent platelet-neutrophil interactions, leading to the production of NETs. The NETs retained their integrity under flow conditions and ensnared bacteria within the vasculature. The entire event occurred primarily in the liver sinusoids and pulmonary capillaries, where NETs have the greatest capacity for bacterial trapping. We propose that platelet TLR4 is a threshold switch for this new bacterial trapping mechanism in severe sepsis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 820 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women

            J Paavonen, P Naud, J. Salmerón … (2009)
            The Lancet, 374(9686), 301-314
            Article 0 comments Cited 451 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.

              Veit Hornung, Simon Rothenfusser, Stefanie Britsch … (2002)
              The Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 is critical for the recognition of immunostimulatory CpG motifs but may cooperate with other TLRs. We analyzed TLR1-10 mRNA expression by using quantitative real-time PCR in highly purified subsets of human PBMC and determined the sensitivity of these subsets to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). TLR1 and TLR6 were expressed in all cell types examined. TLR10 was highly expressed in B cells and weakly expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). High expression of TLR2 was characteristic for monocytes. PDC and B cells expressed marked levels of TLR7 and TLR9 and were directly sensitive to CpG ODN. In CpG ODN-stimulated PDC and B cells, TLR9 expression rapidly decreased, as opposed to TLR7, which was up-regulated in PDC and decreased in B cells. In monocytes, NK cells, and T cells, TLR7 was absent. Despite low expression of TLR9, monocytes, NK cells, and T cells did not respond to CpG ODN in the absence of PDC but were activated in the presence of PDC. In conclusion, our studies provide evidence that PDC and B cells, but not monocytes, NK cells, or T cells, are primary targets of CpG ODN in peripheral blood. The characteristic expression pattern of TLR1-10 in cellular subsets of human PBMC is consistent with the concept that TLR9 is essential in the recognition of CpG ODN in PDC and B cells. In addition, selective regulation of TLR7 expression in PDC and B cells by CpG ODN revealed TLR7 as a candidate TLR potentially involved in modulating the recognition of CpG motifs.
              Article 0 comments Cited 414 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kumar Vijay
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int Immunopharmacol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int. Immunopharmacol
                Title: International Immunopharmacology
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 1567-5769
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-1705
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 May 2018
                Publication date (Print): June 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 May 2018
                Volume: 59
                Pages: 391-412
                Affiliations
                Children's Health Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
                School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Children's Health Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia. vij_tox@ 123456yahoo.com v.kumar3@ 123456uq.edu.au
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1567-5769(18)30095-X
                DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002
                PMC ID: 7106078
                PubMed ID: 29730580
                SO-VID: 79de6080-2e8f-41c5-b38f-325758225749
                Copyright © © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 27 December 2017
                Date revision received : 28 February 2018
                Date accepted : 1 March 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: innate immunity,tlrs,infection,inflammation,pamps,prrs
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: innate immunity, tlrs, infection, inflammation, pamps, prrs

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content558

                See all similar

                Cited by211

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors7,316

                See all reference authors