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      Anxiety and Depression due to 2019 SARS-CoV-2 among Frontier Healthcare Workers in Kenya

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          Abstract

          Background

          The novel coronavirus disease continues to spread across the globe, causing anxiety and depression among healthcare workers.

          Objectives

          The current study aimed to determine the levels of anxiety and depression due to the coronavirus pandemic among healthcare workers in Kenya.

          Methods

          A total sample of 476 respondents participated. The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Patient-Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), together with a socio-demographic questionnaire, were used. Stratified sampling was used. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package Programme for Social Science Version 23.0.0. Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to establish the difference in levels of anxiety and depression across the socio-economic characteristics. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to establish the predictors of levels of anxiety and associations were considered significant at p<0.05.

          Results

          From the total, 35.1% (n=167) had mild anxiety, and 13.4% (n=64) had severe anxiety. Approximately 53.6% (n=255) had mild depression while 9.2% (n=44) had severe depression. The univariate analysis illustrated a statistical difference in anxiety levels in gender (p>0.002), years of work experience (p=0.005), and the cadre of respondents (p=0.0028). Gender was statistically significant with the level of depression (p=0.045). About 62.6% (n=298) of healthcare workers had been trained, and only 9% (n=43) were confident in managing COVID-19 cases. A large proportion, 98% (n=458) had concerns about the availability of personal protective equipment.

          Conclusion

          The study findings indicated that the majority of healthcare workers had mild anxiety. Female healthcare workers were more likely to experience severe anxiety and depression. Also, levels of depression differed across different cadres of respondents.

          Abstract

          Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; Patient Health Questionnaire; Anxiety and Depression Scale; mental health; coronavirus

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          A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

          Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)
          Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
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            Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

            Nanshan Chen, Min Zhou, Xuan Dong … (2022)
            Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.
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              A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

              Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
              Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 February 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 February 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: e06351
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
                [2 ]School of Public health, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi, Kenya
                [3 ]Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
                [4 ]Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
                [5 ]Debrecen University, Hungary
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(21)00456-4 Publisher ID: e06351
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06351
                PMC ID: 7901492
                PubMed ID: 33644428
                SO-VID: 7a75a12f-3888-4ab9-9bf9-fcf89a3f9b3a
                Copyright © © 2021 The Author(s)
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 9 September 2020
                Date revision received : 26 October 2020
                Date accepted : 19 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder scale,patient health questionnaire,anxiety and depression scale,mental health,coronavirus
                Data availability:
                Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder scale, patient health questionnaire, anxiety and depression scale, mental health, coronavirus

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