For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
18
views
35
references
 Top references
cited by
17
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      57
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      An Overview of the Major Phenomena of the Localization of Sound Sources by Normal-Hearing, Hearing-Impaired, and Aided Listeners

      review-article
      Author(s):   1 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Trends in Hearing
      Publisher: SAGE Publications
      Keywords: spatial hearing, hearing impairment, hearing aids, vision, evolution

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Localizing a sound source requires the auditory system to determine its direction and its distance. In general, hearing-impaired listeners do less well in experiments measuring localization performance than normal-hearing listeners, and hearing aids often exacerbate matters. This article summarizes the major experimental effects in direction (and its underlying cues of interaural time differences and interaural level differences) and distance for normal-hearing, hearing-impaired, and aided listeners. Front/back errors and the importance of self-motion are noted. The influence of vision on the localization of real-world sounds is emphasized, such as through the ventriloquist effect or the intriguing link between spatial hearing and visual attention.

          Related collections

          Most cited references35

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration.

          David Alais, David Burr (2004)
          Ventriloquism is the ancient art of making one's voice appear to come from elsewhere, an art exploited by the Greek and Roman oracles, and possibly earlier. We regularly experience the effect when watching television and movies, where the voices seem to emanate from the actors' lips rather than from the actual sound source. Originally, ventriloquism was explained by performers projecting sound to their puppets by special techniques, but more recently it is assumed that ventriloquism results from vision "capturing" sound. In this study we investigate spatial localization of audio-visual stimuli. When visual localization is good, vision does indeed dominate and capture sound. However, for severely blurred visual stimuli (that are poorly localized), the reverse holds: sound captures vision. For less blurred stimuli, neither sense dominates and perception follows the mean position. Precision of bimodal localization is usually better than either the visual or the auditory unimodal presentation. All the results are well explained not by one sense capturing the other, but by a simple model of optimal combination of visual and auditory information.
          Article 0 comments Cited 491 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Optimal neural population coding of an auditory spatial cue.

            S. Harper, David McAlpine (2004)
            A sound, depending on the position of its source, can take more time to reach one ear than the other. This interaural (between the ears) time difference (ITD) provides a major cue for determining the source location. Many auditory neurons are sensitive to ITDs, but the means by which such neurons represent ITD is a contentious issue. Recent studies question whether the classical general model (the Jeffress model) applies across species. Here we show that ITD coding strategies of different species can be explained by a unifying principle: that the ITDs an animal naturally encounters should be coded with maximal accuracy. Using statistical techniques and a stochastic neural model, we demonstrate that the optimal coding strategy for ITD depends critically on head size and sound frequency. For small head sizes and/or low-frequency sounds, the optimal coding strategy tends towards two distinct sub-populations tuned to ITDs outside the range created by the head. This is consistent with recent observations in small mammals. For large head sizes and/or high frequencies, the optimal strategy is a homogeneous distribution of ITD tunings within the range created by the head. This is consistent with observations in the barn owl. For humans, the optimal strategy to code ITDs from an acoustically measured distribution depends on frequency; above 400 Hz a homogeneous distribution is optimal, and below 400 Hz distinct sub-populations are optimal.
            Article 0 comments Cited 77 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Human interaural time difference thresholds for sine tones: the high-frequency limit.

              Larisa Dunai, Andrew Brughera, Annette M. Hartmann (2013)
              The smallest detectable interaural time difference (ITD) for sine tones was measured for four human listeners to determine the dependence on tone frequency. At low frequencies, 250-700 Hz, threshold ITDs were approximately inversely proportional to tone frequency. At mid-frequencies, 700-1000 Hz, threshold ITDs were smallest. At high frequencies, above 1000 Hz, thresholds increased faster than exponentially with increasing frequency becoming unmeasurably high just above 1400 Hz. A model for ITD detection began with a biophysically based computational model for a medial superior olive (MSO) neuron that produced robust ITD responses up to 1000 Hz, and demonstrated a dramatic reduction in ITD-dependence from 1000 to 1500 Hz. Rate-ITD functions from the MSO model became inputs to binaural display models-both place based and rate-difference based. A place-based, centroid model with a rigid internal threshold reproduced almost all features of the human data. A signal-detection version of this model reproduced the high-frequency divergence but badly underestimated low-frequency thresholds. A rate-difference model incorporating fast contralateral inhibition reproduced the major features of the human threshold data except for the divergence. A combined, hybrid model could reproduce all the threshold data.
              Article 0 comments Cited 64 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Trends Hear
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Trends Hear
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TIA
                Journal ID (hwp): sptia
                Title: Trends in Hearing
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2331-2165
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 December 2014
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2331216514560442
                Affiliations
                [1 ]MRC/CSO Institute of Hearing Research—Scottish Section, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
                Author notes
                [*]Michael A. Akeroyd, MRC/CSO Institute of Hearing Research—Scottish Section, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK. Email: maa@ 123456ihr.gla.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_2331216514560442
                DOI: 10.1177/2331216514560442
                PMC ID: 4271773
                PubMed ID: 25492094
                SO-VID: 7a80b98f-6997-47af-bcbd-efe0b7ab997d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2014
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page( http://www.uk.sagepub.com/aboutus/openaccess.htm).

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January - December 2014

                Keywords: spatial hearing,hearing impairment,hearing aids,vision,evolution
                Data availability:
                Keywords: spatial hearing, hearing impairment, hearing aids, vision, evolution

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content57

                See all similar

                Cited by17

                See all cited by