Optimal Body Fat Percentage Cut-﻿Off Values in Predicting the Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

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Abstract

Background

Reliable obesity assessment is essential in evaluating the risk of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Non-availability of clearly defined cut-offs for body fat percentage (BF%), as well as a widespread application of surrogate measures for obesity assessment, may result in incorrect prediction of cardio-metabolic risk.

Purpose

The study aimed to determine optimal cut-off points for BF%, with a view of predicting the CRFs related to obesity.

Patients and Methods

The study involved 4735 (33.6% of men) individuals, the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) participants, aged 45–64. BF% was measured with the aid of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The gender-specific cut-offs of BF% were found with respect to at least one CRF. A P-value approach, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were pursued for BF% cut-offs, which optimally differentiated normal from the risk groups. The associations between BF% and CRFs were determined by logistic regression models.

Results

The cut-offs for BF% were established as 25.8% for men and 37.1% for women. With the exception of dyslipidemia, in men and women whose BF% was above the cut-offs, the odds for developing CRFs ranged 2–4 times higher than those whose BF% was below the cut-offs.

Conclusion

Controlling BF% below the thresholds indicating an increased health hazard may be instrumental in appreciably reducing overall exposure to developing cardio-metabolic risk.

Related collections

Most cited references 33

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Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants

Emily Sonestedt, Kim Overvad (2016)

Summary Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18·5 kg/m2 [underweight], 18·5 kg/m2 to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2 to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2 to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2 to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2 to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2 [morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19·2 million adult participants (9·9 million men and 9·3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21·7 kg/m2 (95% credible interval 21·3–22·1) in 1975 to 24·2 kg/m2 (24·0–24·4) in 2014 in men, and from 22·1 kg/m2 (21·7–22·5) in 1975 to 24·4 kg/m2 (24·2–24·6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21·4 kg/m2 in central Africa and south Asia to 29·2 kg/m2 (28·6–29·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21·8 kg/m2 (21·4–22·3) in south Asia to 32·2 kg/m2 (31·5–32·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13·8% (10·5–17·4) to 8·8% (7·4–10·3) in men and from 14·6% (11·6–17·9) to 9·7% (8·3–11·1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23·4% (17·8–29·2) in men and 24·0% (18·9–29·3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3·2% (2·4–4·1) in 1975 to 10·8% (9·7–12·0) in 2014 in men, and from 6·4% (5·1–7·8) to 14·9% (13·6–16·1) in women. 2·3% (2·0–2·7) of the world’s men and 5·0% (4·4–5·6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0·64% (0·46–0·86) in men and 1·6% (1·3–1·9) in women. Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world’s poorest regions, especially in south Asia. Funding Wellcome Trust, Grand Challenges Canada.

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The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries

Abdesslam Boutayeb, Saber Boutayeb (2005)

Background By the dawn of the third millennium, non communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe, with an increasing trend in developing countries where, the transition imposes more constraints to deal with the double burden of infective and non-infective diseases in a poor environment characterised by ill-health systems. By 2020, it is predicted that these diseases will be causing seven out of every 10 deaths in developing countries. Many of the non communicable diseases can be prevented by tackling associated risk factors. Methods Data from national registries and international organisms are collected, compared and analyzed. The focus is made on the growing burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. Results Among non communicable diseases, special attention is devoted to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary diseases. Their burden is affecting countries worldwide but with a growing trend in developing countries. Preventive strategies must take into account the growing trend of risk factors correlated to these diseases. Conclusion Non communicable diseases are more and more prevalent in developing countries where they double the burden of infective diseases. If the present trend is maintained, the health systems in low-and middle-income countries will be unable to support the burden of disease. Prominent causes for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases can be prevented but urgent (preventive) actions are needed and efficient strategies should deal seriously with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity and western diet.

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Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Aging

Jennifer Rodgers, Jarrod Jones, Samuel Bolleddu … (2019)

The aging and elderly population are particularly susceptible to cardiovascular disease. Age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults, but these risks are compounded by additional factors, including frailty, obesity, and diabetes. These factors are known to complicate and enhance cardiac risk factors that are associated with the onset of advanced age. Sex is another potential risk factor in aging adults, given that older females are reported to be at a greater risk for CVD than age-matched men. However, in both men and women, the risks associated with CVD increase with age, and these correspond to an overall decline in sex hormones, primarily of estrogen and testosterone. Despite this, hormone replacement therapies are largely shown to not improve outcomes in older patients and may also increase the risks of cardiac events in older adults. This review discusses current findings regarding the impacts of age and gender on heart disease.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes

Journal ID (publisher-id): DMSO

Journal ID (pmc): dmso

Title: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7007

Publication date (Electronic): 12 May 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 13

Pages: 1587-1597

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Physical Activity, Posturology, and Gerontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce, Poland

[2 ]Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, Holycross Cancer Centre , Kielce, Poland

[3 ]Department of Rehabilitation, Holycross Cancer Centre , Kielce, Poland

[4 ]Department of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce, Poland

[5 ]Clinical Oncology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Centre , Kielce, Poland

[6 ]Research and Education Department, Holycross Cancer Centre , Kielce, Poland

Author notes

Correspondence: Marek Zak Department of Physical Activity, Posturology, and Gerontology, The Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University , ul. Zeromskiego 5, Kielce25-369, PolandTel +48 41 349 69 09Fax +48 41 349 69 16 Email mzak1@onet.eu

Author information

Pawel Macek http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9755-7507

Malgorzata Biskup http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2822-4594

Malgorzata Terek-Derszniak http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0682-1104

Michal Stachura http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0115-3522

Halina Krol http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6716-6185

Stanislaw Gozdz http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6902-3807

Marek Zak http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-9232

Article

Publisher ID: 248444

DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S248444

PMC ID: 7229792

PubMed ID: 32494175

SO-VID: 7ab72368-78aa-4f09-b142-1fac31dd4768

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 05 February 2020

Date accepted : 19 April 2020

Page count

Figures: 4, Tables: 3, References: 50, Pages: 11

Funding

The research Project PONS - Polish-Norwegian Study (Ref. No PNRF-228- AI-1/07), named “Establishment of the infrastructure to facilitate studies on the health status of Poland’s population”, was financed out of the Polish-Norwegian Foundation Research Fund. The Project is supported under the programme established by the Minister of Science and Higher Education - “Regional Initiative of Excellence” - spanning the period 2019–2022; Project No 024/RID/2018/19; amount of financing allocated: PLN 11999 000.00.