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      Cryo-EM structure of an activated VIP1 receptor-G protein complex revealed by a NanoBiT tethering strategy

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          Abstract

          Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor (VIP1R) is a widely expressed class B G protein-coupled receptor and a drug target for the treatment of neuronal, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. However, our understanding of its mechanism of action and the potential of drug discovery targeting this receptor is limited by the lack of structural information of VIP1R. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human VIP1R bound to PACAP27 and Gs heterotrimer, whose complex assembly is stabilized by a NanoBiT tethering strategy. Comparison with other class B GPCR structures reveals that PACAP27 engages VIP1R with its N-terminus inserting into the ligand binding pocket at the transmembrane bundle of the receptor, which subsequently couples to the G protein in a receptor-specific manner. This structure has provided insights into the molecular basis of PACAP27 binding and VIP receptor activation. The methodology of the NanoBiT tethering may help to provide structural information of unstable complexes.

          Abstract

          Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor (VIP1R) is a widely expressed class B G protein-coupled receptor and a drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here authors report a cryoelectron microscopy structure of human VIP1R bound to PACAP27 and Gs heterotrimer, which provides insights into PACAP27 binding and VIP receptor activation.

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          Most cited references27

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          VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.

          Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptides (PACAPs) share 68% identity at the amino acid level and belong to the secretin peptide family. Following the initial discovery of VIP almost four decades ago a substantial amount of knowledge has been presented describing the mechanisms of action, distribution and pleiotropic functions of these related peptides. It is now known that the physiological actions of these widely distributed peptides are produced through activation of three common G-protein coupled receptors (VPAC(1), VPAC(2) and PAC(1)R) which preferentially stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase intracellular cAMP, although stimulation of other intracellular messengers, including calcium and phospholipase D, has been reported. Using a range of in vitro and in vivo approaches, including cell-based functional assays, transgenic animals and rodent models of disease, VPAC/PAC receptor activation has been associated with numerous physiological processes (e.g. control of circadian rhythms) and clinical conditions (e.g. pulmonary hypertension), which underlies on-going research efforts and makes these peptides and their cognate receptors attractive targets for the pharmaceutical industry. However, despite the considerable interest in VPAC/PAC receptors and the processes which they mediate, there is still a paucity of selective and available, non-peptide ligands, which has hindered further advances in this field both at the basic research and clinical level. This review summarises the current knowledge of VIP/PACAP and the VPAC/PAC receptors with regard to their distribution, pharmacology, signalling pathways, splice variants and finally, the utility of animal models in exploring their physiological roles.
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            Polar transmembrane interactions drive formation of ligand-specific and signal pathway-biased family B G protein-coupled receptor conformations.

            Recently, the concept of ligand-directed signaling--the ability of different ligands of an individual receptor to promote distinct patterns of cellular response--has gained much traction in the field of drug discovery, with the potential to sculpt biological response to favor therapeutically beneficial signaling pathways over those leading to harmful effects. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanistic basis underlying biased signaling. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is a major target for treatment of type-2 diabetes and is subject to ligand-directed signaling. Here, we demonstrate the importance of polar transmembrane residues conserved within family B G protein-coupled receptors, not only for protein folding and expression, but also in controlling activation transition, ligand-biased, and pathway-biased signaling. Distinct clusters of polar residues were important for receptor activation and signal preference, globally changing the profile of receptor response to distinct peptide ligands, including endogenous ligands glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, and the clinically used mimetic exendin-4.
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              Development of an antibody fragment that stabilizes GPCR/G-protein complexes

              Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has recently enabled high-resolution structure determination of numerous biological macromolecular complexes. Despite this progress, the application of high-resolution cryo-EM to G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in complex with heterotrimeric G proteins remains challenging, owning to both the relative small size and the limited stability of these assemblies. Here we describe the development of antibody fragments that bind and stabilize GPCR-G protein complexes for the application of high-resolution cryo-EM. One antibody in particular, mAb16, stabilizes GPCR/G-protein complexes by recognizing an interface between Gα and Gβγ subunits in the heterotrimer, and confers resistance to GTPγS-triggered dissociation. The unique recognition mode of this antibody makes it possible to transfer its binding and stabilizing effect to other G-protein subtypes through minimal protein engineering. This antibody fragment is thus a broadly applicable tool for structural studies of GPCR/G-protein complexes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                zhang_yan@zju.edu.cn
                eric.xu@simm.ac.cn
                yijiang@simm.ac.cn
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                17 August 2020
                17 August 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 4121
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shanghai, 201203 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.410726.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1797 8419, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; 100049 Beijing, China
                [3 ]GRID grid.13402.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 700X, Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, , Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ; Hangzhou, 310058 China
                [4 ]GRID grid.13402.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 700X, Department of Biophysics, , Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ; Hangzhou, 310058 China
                [5 ]GRID grid.251017.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0406 2057, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, , Van Andel Institute, ; Grand Rapids, MI USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.440637.2, ISNI 0000 0004 4657 8879, School of Life Science and Technology, , ShanghaiTech University, ; Shanghai, 201210 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7813-5480
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-4027
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-0244
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6829-8144
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-1413
                Article
                17933
                10.1038/s41467-020-17933-8
                7431577
                32807782
                7d9b10e4-96b7-459a-9546-96bc50fbd3b2
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 30 January 2020
                : 17 July 2020
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                © The Author(s) 2020

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                g protein-coupled receptors,cryoelectron microscopy
                Uncategorized
                g protein-coupled receptors, cryoelectron microscopy

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