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      Distribution characteristics and potential risks of bioaerosols during scattered farming

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          Summary

          In most economically underdeveloped areas, scattered farming and human‒livestock cohabitation are common. However, production of bioaerosols and their potential harm in these areas have not been previously researched. In this study, bioaerosol characteristics were analyzed in scattered farming areas in rural Northwest China. The highest bacteria, fungi, and Enterobacteria concentrations were 125609 ± 467 CFU/m³, 25175 ± 10305 CFU/m³, and 4167 ± 592 CFU/m³, respectively. Most bioaerosols had particle sizes >3.3 μm. A total of 71 bacterial genera and 16 fungal genera of potential pathogens were identified, including zoonotic potential pathogenic genera. Moreover, our findings showed that the scattered farming pattern of human‒animal cohabitation can affect the indoor air environment in the surrounding area, leading to chronic respiratory diseases in the occupants. Therefore, relevant government departments and farmers should enhance their awareness of bioaerosol risks and consider measures that may be taken to reduce them.

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          Highlights

          • •

            Characteristics of bioaerosols in scattered livestock and poultry breeding were studied

          • •

            71 bacterial genera and 16 fungal genera of the potential pathogen were identified

          • •

            Health risk of bioaerosols may be higher with human and animal co-habitation

          • •

            Left-behind children and the elderly need more attention

          Abstract

          Environmental science; Microbiology; Applied sciences; Agricultural science

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          Most cited references98

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          Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil.

          Johannes Rousk, Erland Bååth, Philip C. Brookes … (2010)
          Soils collected across a long-term liming experiment (pH 4.0-8.3), in which variation in factors other than pH have been minimized, were used to investigate the direct influence of pH on the abundance and composition of the two major soil microbial taxa, fungi and bacteria. We hypothesized that bacterial communities would be more strongly influenced by pH than fungal communities. To determine the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR), and to analyze the composition and diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities, we used a bar-coded pyrosequencing technique. Both the relative abundance and diversity of bacteria were positively related to pH, the latter nearly doubling between pH 4 and 8. In contrast, the relative abundance of fungi was unaffected by pH and fungal diversity was only weakly related with pH. The composition of the bacterial communities was closely defined by soil pH; there was as much variability in bacterial community composition across the 180-m distance of this liming experiment as across soils collected from a wide range of biomes in North and South America, emphasizing the dominance of pH in structuring bacterial communities. The apparent direct influence of pH on bacterial community composition is probably due to the narrow pH ranges for optimal growth of bacteria. Fungal community composition was less strongly affected by pH, which is consistent with pure culture studies, demonstrating that fungi generally exhibit wider pH ranges for optimal growth.
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            Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy

            Maria A. Zoran, Roxana Savastru, Dan Savastru … (2020)
            The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly pathogenic, transmittable and invasive pneumococcal disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in December 2019 and January 2020 in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China and fast spread later on the middle of February 2020 in the Northern part of Italy and Europe. This study investigates the correlation between the degree of accelerated diffusion and lethality of COVID-19 and the surface air pollution in Milan metropolitan area, Lombardy region, Italy. Daily average concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM) in two size fractions PM2.5, PM10 and maxima PM10 ground level atmospheric pollutants together air quality and climate variables (daily average temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure field and Planetary Boundary Layer-PBL height) collected during 1 January–30 April 2020 were analyzed. In spite of being considered primarily transmitted by indoor bioaerosols droplets and infected surfaces, or direct human-to-human personal contacts, it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, weather and specific climate conditions have a significant impact on the increased rates of confirmed COVID-19 Total number, Daily New and Total Deaths cases, possible attributed not only to indoor but also to outdoor airborne bioaerosols distribution. Our analysis demonstrates the strong influence of daily averaged ground levels of particulate matter concentrations, positively associated with average surface air temperature and inversely related to air relative humidity on COVID-19 cases outbreak in Milan. Being a novel pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) version, COVID-19 might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher temperatures and low humidity levels. Presently is not clear if this protein “spike” of the new coronavirus COVID-19 is involved through attachment mechanisms on indoor or outdoor airborne aerosols in the infectious agent transmission from a reservoir to a susceptible host in some agglomerated urban areas like Milan is.
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              Inhalable Microorganisms in Beijing’s PM2.5 and PM10 Pollutants during a Severe Smog Event

              Chen Cao, Wenjun Jiang, Buying Wang … (2014)
              Particulate matter (PM) air pollution poses a formidable public health threat to the city of Beijing. Among the various hazards of PM pollutants, microorganisms in PM2.5 and PM10 are thought to be responsible for various allergies and for the spread of respiratory diseases. While the physical and chemical properties of PM pollutants have been extensively studied, much less is known about the inhalable microorganisms. Most existing data on airborne microbial communities using 16S or 18S rRNA gene sequencing to categorize bacteria or fungi into the family or genus levels do not provide information on their allergenic and pathogenic potentials. Here we employed metagenomic methods to analyze the microbial composition of Beijing’s PM pollutants during a severe January smog event. We show that with sufficient sequencing depth, airborne microbes including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and dsDNA viruses can be identified at the species level. Our results suggested that the majority of the inhalable microorganisms were soil-associated and nonpathogenic to human. Nevertheless, the sequences of several respiratory microbial allergens and pathogens were identified and their relative abundance appeared to have increased with increased concentrations of PM pollution. Our findings may serve as an important reference for environmental scientists, health workers, and city planners.
              Article 0 comments Cited 113 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yunping Han
                Jianguo Liu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): iScience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): iScience
                Title: iScience
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-0042
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 November 2023
                Publication date Collection: 15 December 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 November 2023
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 108378
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
                [2 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Resources and Environmental engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, PR China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author yphan@ 123456rcees.ac.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author jgliu_yxc@ 123456163.com
                [4]

                These authors contributed equally

                [5]

                Lead contact

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2589-0042(23)02455-0 Publisher ID: 108378
                DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108378
                PMC ID: 10679821
                PubMed ID: 38025774
                SO-VID: 7dbb3e5f-24f2-4157-9fcd-a2eb047e94e4
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 June 2023
                Date revision received : 6 October 2023
                Date accepted : 27 October 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: environmental science,microbiology,applied sciences,agricultural science
                Data availability:
                Keywords: environmental science, microbiology, applied sciences, agricultural science

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