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      Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

      1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 1 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 15 , 1 , 1 , 18 , 1 , 1 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 18 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 1 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 12 , 1 , 17 , 1 , 19 , 38 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 2 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 26 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 15 , 58 , 59 , 25 , 1 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 1 , 68 , 69 , 12 , 48 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 72 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 51 , 1 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 47 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 6 , 96 , 71 , 97 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 1 , 100 , 101 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 102 , 41 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ,   108 , 58 , 109 , 109 , 110 , 1 , 6 , 11 , 28 , 1 , 111 , 1 , 107 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 8 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 14 , 19 , 121 , 1 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 107 , 61 , 14 , 2 , 126 , 6 , 127 , 128 , 95 , 129 , 1 , 95 , 1 , 88 , 130 , 1 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 50 , 25 , 88 , 2 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 75 , 138 , 6 , 139 , 140 , 134 , 43 , 141 , 123 , 142 , 143 , 6 , 144 , 57 , 145 , 146 , 38 , 57 , 17 , 70 , 147 , 15 , 54 , 148 , 123 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 1 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 25 , 140 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 15 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 41 , 168 , 6 , 145 , 169 , 36 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 98 , 124 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 17 , 50 , 133 , 167 , 1
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      American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Thermal sensitivity of tropical trees

          A key uncertainty in climate change models is the thermal sensitivity of tropical forests and how this value might influence carbon fluxes. Sullivan et al.measured carbon stocks and fluxes in permanent forest plots distributed globally. This synthesis of plot networks across climatic and biogeographic gradients shows that forest thermal sensitivity is dominated by high daytime temperatures. This extreme condition depresses growth rates and shortens the time that carbon resides in the ecosystem by killing trees under hot, dry conditions. The effect of temperature is worse above 32°C, and a greater magnitude of climate change thus risks greater loss of tropical forest carbon stocks. Nevertheless, forest carbon stocks are likely to remain higher under moderate climate change if they are protected from direct impacts such as clearance, logging, or fires.

          Science, this issue p. [Related article:]869

          Abstract

          Biome-wide variation in tropical forest carbon stocks and dynamics shows long-term resilience to increasing high temperatures.

          Abstract

          The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate.

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          An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design

          The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) will produce a state-of-the- art multimodel dataset designed to advance our knowledge of climate variability and climate change. Researchers worldwide are analyzing the model output and will produce results likely to underlie the forthcoming Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unprecedented in scale and attracting interest from all major climate modeling groups, CMIP5 includes “long term” simulations of twentieth-century climate and projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Conventional atmosphere–ocean global climate models and Earth system models of intermediate complexity are for the first time being joined by more recently developed Earth system models under an experiment design that allows both types of models to be compared to observations on an equal footing. Besides the longterm experiments, CMIP5 calls for an entirely new suite of “near term” simulations focusing on recent decades and the future to year 2035. These “decadal predictions” are initialized based on observations and will be used to explore the predictability of climate and to assess the forecast system's predictive skill. The CMIP5 experiment design also allows for participation of stand-alone atmospheric models and includes a variety of idealized experiments that will improve understanding of the range of model responses found in the more complex and realistic simulations. An exceptionally comprehensive set of model output is being collected and made freely available to researchers through an integrated but distributed data archive. For researchers unfamiliar with climate models, the limitations of the models and experiment design are described.
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            WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas

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              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.

              Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
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                Journal
                Science
                Science
                American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                0036-8075
                1095-9203
                May 22 2020
                May 22 2020
                : 368
                : 6493
                : 869-874
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
                [2 ]Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
                [3 ]Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
                [4 ]Mensuration Unit, Forestry Commission of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana.
                [5 ]Embrapa Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil.
                [6 ]Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil.
                [7 ]Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
                [8 ]Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
                [9 ]DR Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
                [10 ]Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestiere (CEFRECOF), Epulu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
                [11 ]Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
                [12 ]Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.
                [13 ]Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
                [14 ]UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil.
                [15 ]Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru.
                [16 ]School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
                [17 ]Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
                [18 ]Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
                [19 ]Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
                [20 ]Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
                [21 ]School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
                [22 ]Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém - PA, Brazil.
                [23 ]Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres - MT, Brazil.
                [24 ]Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente, National Open University and Distance, Bogotá, Colombia.
                [25 ]Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
                [26 ]Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
                [27 ]Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
                [28 ]National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
                [29 ]Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
                [30 ]Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
                [31 ]Dirección de la Carrera de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
                [32 ]Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
                [33 ]Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario, Guanare, Venezuela.
                [34 ]Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.
                [35 ]UK Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK.
                [36 ]International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
                [37 ]Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                [38 ]Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
                [39 ]Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil.
                [40 ]Institure of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
                [41 ]Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
                [42 ]Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
                [43 ]Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama.
                [44 ]Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA.
                [45 ]The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group, Edinburgh, UK.
                [46 ]UR Forest and Societies, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
                [47 ]Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
                [48 ]Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
                [49 ]UMR Silva, INRAE, Nancy, France.
                [50 ]Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
                [51 ]CSIRO Land and Water, Australia.
                [52 ]Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzavile, Republic of Congo.
                [53 ]Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA.
                [54 ]INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana.
                [55 ]Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
                [56 ]Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
                [57 ]Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
                [58 ]Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS), CNRS, Toulouse, France.
                [59 ]Rougier-Gabon, Libreville, Gabon.
                [60 ]Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK.
                [61 ]School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
                [62 ]Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA.
                [63 ]Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
                [64 ]Proyecto Castaña, Made de Dios, Peru.
                [65 ]Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru.
                [66 ]Instituto de Geociências, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Para, Belém, PA, Brazil.
                [67 ]Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
                [68 ]Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama.
                [69 ]Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru.
                [70 ]Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil.
                [71 ]Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru.
                [72 ]Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana.
                [73 ]Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
                [74 ]Forest Resources Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
                [75 ]AMAP, Universite de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
                [76 ]Socioecosistemas y Cambio Climatico, Fundacion con Vida, Medellín, Colombia.
                [77 ]School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
                [78 ]Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
                [79 ]National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
                [80 ]School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
                [81 ]School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
                [82 ]Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil.
                [83 ]Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre de Grohmann (UNJBG), Tacna, Peru.
                [84 ]Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana.
                [85 ]Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
                [86 ]School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
                [87 ]128 Busbridge Lane, Godalming, Surrey, UK.
                [88 ]Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
                [89 ]Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
                [90 ]Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA.
                [91 ]Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
                [92 ]Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
                [93 ]CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire.
                [94 ]Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire.
                [95 ]Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
                [96 ]Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturel, Paris, France.
                [97 ]Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
                [98 ]Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
                [99 ]Instituto IMANI, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Leticia, Colombia.
                [100 ]Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
                [101 ]Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
                [102 ]Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
                [103 ]PELD, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil.
                [104 ]Tropical Peat Research Institute, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia.
                [105 ]Agteca, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
                [106 ]Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
                [107 ]Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, London, UK.
                [108 ]Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Ful Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
                [109 ]Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.
                [110 ]Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda.
                [111 ]Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
                [112 ]Botany Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
                [113 ]Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Mauaus, Brazil.
                [114 ]cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal.
                [115 ]LIBRe – Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
                [116 ]Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho - RO, Brazil.
                [117 ]Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil.
                [118 ]Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.
                [119 ]Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK.
                [120 ]UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK.
                [121 ]School of International Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
                [122 ]Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Sacta, Bolivia.
                [123 ]Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei.
                [124 ]Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon.
                [125 ]Ministère de la Forêt, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, Libreville, Gabon.
                [126 ]Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
                [127 ]Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador.
                [128 ]Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sepilok, Malaysia.
                [129 ]Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador.
                [130 ]Grupo de Ecosistemas Tropicales y Cambio Global, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador.
                [131 ]Public Communications and Outreach Group, Parks and Recreation Division, Oakland Park, FL, USA.
                [132 ]Keller Science Action Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA.
                [133 ]Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname.
                [134 ]Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Leticia, Colombia.
                [135 ]Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
                [136 ]Institute of Research for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
                [137 ]Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, Netherlands.
                [138 ]Socioecosistemas y Cambio Climatico, Fundacion Con Vida, Medellín, Colombia.
                [139 ]Centro de Conservacion, Investigacion y Manejo de Areas Naturales, CIMA Cordillera Azul, Lima, Peru.
                [140 ]Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana.
                [141 ]Carboforexpert, Geneva, Switzerland.
                [142 ]Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia/CAPES, Belém, PA, Brazil.
                [143 ]Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil.
                [144 ]Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
                [145 ]Instituto Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
                [146 ]Universidad de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
                [147 ]Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana.
                [148 ]Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
                [149 ]Sustainable Landscapes and Food Systems, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
                [150 ]Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
                [151 ]Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
                [152 ]Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
                [153 ]Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA. USA.
                [154 ]Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
                [155 ]Bioversity International, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
                [156 ]UK Research and Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK.
                [157 ]Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
                [158 ]Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
                [159 ]Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
                [160 ]Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
                [161 ]Universidad de los Andes, Merida, Colombia.
                [162 ]Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA.
                [163 ]Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
                [164 ]School of Geography, University of Notingham, Nottingham, UK.
                [165 ]Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
                [166 ]Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Velp, Netherlands.
                [167 ]Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
                [168 ]Data for Sustainability, Axel, Netherlands.
                [169 ]School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, OR, USA.
                [170 ]Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, La Paz, Bolivia.
                [171 ]Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Riberalta, Bolivia.
                [172 ]School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
                [173 ]Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon.
                [174 ]School of Natural Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor, UK.
                [175 ]University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.
                [176 ]Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname.
                [177 ]Department of Geography and The Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
                [178 ]Tropenbos International, Wageningen, Netherlands.
                Article
                10.1126/science.aaw7578
                32439789
                7e5dd629-503f-4bf4-8820-cd35d5b74231
                © 2020
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