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      The 2018 European heatwave led to stem dehydration but not to consistent growth reductions in forests

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 4 , , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 3 , 14 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 8 , 15 , 4 , 14 , 16 , 3 , 17 , 4 , 18 , 19 , 13 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 6 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 22 , 28 , 23 , 29 , 30 , 22 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 17 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 18 , 19 , 39 , 40 , 6 , 23 , 41 , 27 , 13 , 20 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 6 , 6 , 44 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 26 , 48 , 49 , 3 , 44 , 26 , 50 , 51 , 7 , 52 , 41 , 53 , 13 , 54 , 13 , 20 , 6 , 47 , 55 , 3 , 6 , 48 , 56 , 34 , 36 , 57 , 3 , 7 , 42 , 58 , 59 , 1 ,
      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Plant ecology, Heat, Climate-change ecology, Ecophysiology, Forest ecology

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          Abstract

          Heatwaves exert disproportionately strong and sometimes irreversible impacts on forest ecosystems. These impacts remain poorly understood at the tree and species level and across large spatial scales. Here, we investigate the effects of the record-breaking 2018 European heatwave on tree growth and tree water status using a collection of high-temporal resolution dendrometer data from 21 species across 53 sites. Relative to the two preceding years, annual stem growth was not consistently reduced by the 2018 heatwave but stems experienced twice the temporary shrinkage due to depletion of water reserves. Conifer species were less capable of rehydrating overnight than broadleaves across gradients of soil and atmospheric drought, suggesting less resilience toward transient stress. In particular, Norway spruce and Scots pine experienced extensive stem dehydration. Our high-resolution dendrometer network was suitable to disentangle the effects of a severe heatwave on tree growth and desiccation at large-spatial scales in situ, and provided insights on which species may be more vulnerable to climate extremes.

          Abstract

          Forest dynamics are monitored at large scales with remote sensing, but individual tree data are necessary for ground-truthing and mechanistic insights. This study on high temporal resolution dendrometer data across Europe reveals that the 2018 heatwave affected tree physiology and growth in unexpected way.

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          Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Usinglme4

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            Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4

            Maximum likelihood or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of the parameters in linear mixed-effects models can be determined using the lmer function in the lme4 package for R. As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer. Journal of Statistical Software, 67 (1) ISSN:1548-7660
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              Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ute.sassklaassen@wur.nl
                kathy.steppe@UGent.be
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                10 January 2022
                10 January 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 28
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5342.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, , Ghent University, ; 9000 Ghent, Belgium
                [2 ]GRID grid.5690.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 2978, Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ; 28040 Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]GRID grid.419754.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2259 5533, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, ; 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
                [4 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, , Wageningen University and Research, ; 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [5 ]GRID grid.493256.f, European Forest Institute, , Resilience Programme, ; 53113 Bonn, Germany
                [6 ]GRID grid.15866.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 2238 631X, Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, , Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, ; Prague, Czech Republic
                [7 ]GRID grid.5603.0, DendroGreif, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, , University Greifswald, ; 17487 Greifswald, Germany
                [8 ]GRID grid.452388.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0722 403X, CREAF, ; E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia Spain
                [9 ]GRID grid.7080.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2296 0625, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ; E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia Spain
                [10 ]GRID grid.134563.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2168 186X, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, , University of Arizona, ; Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
                [11 ]GRID grid.134563.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2168 186X, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, , University of Arizona, ; Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
                [12 ]GRID grid.435210.1, IFER—Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, ; 254 01 Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
                [13 ]GRID grid.426587.a, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ; 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [14 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Wageningen Environmental Research, , Wageningen University and Research, ; 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [15 ]GRID grid.425902.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9601 989X, ICREA, ; 08010 Barcelona, Spain
                [16 ]GRID grid.4488.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2111 7257, Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, ; 01737 Tharandt, Germany
                [17 ]GRID grid.5771.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 8122, Department of Botany, , University of Innsbruck, ; 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
                [18 ]GRID grid.23731.34, ISNI 0000 0000 9195 2461, Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, , GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, ; 14473 Potsdam, Germany
                [19 ]GRID grid.7468.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2248 7639, Geography Department, , Humboldt University, ; 12489 Berlin, Germany
                [20 ]GRID grid.7112.5, ISNI 0000000122191520, Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, , Mendel University in Brno, ; 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [21 ]Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, 35032 Marburg, Germany
                [22 ]GRID grid.463962.c, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, ; 91405 Orsay, France
                [23 ]GRID grid.419303.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2180 9405, Institute of Forest Ecology, , Slovak Academy of Sciences, ; 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
                [24 ]GRID grid.5608.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 3470, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, , University of Padua, ; Padua, Italy
                [25 ]GRID grid.464018.f, ISNI 0000 0001 1958 3056, Office National des Forêts, Département Recherche Développement et Innovation, ; 77300 Fontainebleau, France
                [26 ]GRID grid.7737.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0410 2071, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, , University of Helsinki, ; 00014 Helsinki, Finland
                [27 ]Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, 6593 Cadenazzo, Switzerland
                [28 ]GRID grid.508391.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0622 9359, Universite de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, ; 33615 Pessac, France
                [29 ]GRID grid.424923.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2035 1455, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ; Průhonice, Czech Republic
                [30 ]GRID grid.14509.39, ISNI 0000 0001 2166 4904, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, , University of South Bohemia, ; České Budějovice, Czech Republic
                [31 ]GRID grid.4514.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, Laboratory for Wood Anatomy and Dendrochronology, Department of Geology, , Lund University, ; Lund, Sweden
                [32 ]GRID grid.9464.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2290 1502, Institute of Biology, , University of Hohenheim, ; Stuttgart, Germany
                [33 ]GRID grid.510006.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1804 7755, Departamento de Ecología, , Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), ; 46113 Moncada Valencia, Spain
                [34 ]GRID grid.4711.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 4846, National Museum of Natural Sciences, , CSIC, ; 28006 Madrid, Spain
                [35 ]GRID grid.4491.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 116X, Institute for environmental studies, Faculty of Science, , Charles University, ; Praha, Czech Republic
                [36 ]GRID grid.7112.5, ISNI 0000000122191520, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, , Mendel University in Brno, ; 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [37 ]GRID grid.411795.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0454 9420, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Forestry, ; Çigli Izmir, Turkey
                [38 ]Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
                [39 ]GRID grid.424195.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2106 6832, Natural Sciences Unit, German Archaeological Institute, ; 14195 Berlin, Germany
                [40 ]Brandenburg State Forestry Center of Excellence, Eberswalde, Germany
                [41 ]GRID grid.5963.9, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, , University of Freiburg, ; 79085 Freiburg, Germany
                [42 ]GRID grid.425286.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2159 6489, Department of Natural Forests, , Forest Research Institute, ; 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
                [43 ]Environmental Measuring Systems Ltd., 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [44 ]GRID grid.503480.a, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, ; F-54000 Nancy, France
                [45 ]Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
                [46 ]GRID grid.7886.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0768 2743, UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, , University College Dublin, ; Belfield, Dublin Ireland
                [47 ]GRID grid.7886.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0768 2743, UCD Earth Institute, , University College Dublin, Belfield, ; Dublin, Ireland
                [48 ]GRID grid.7112.5, ISNI 0000000122191520, Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, , Mendel University in Brno, ; 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [49 ]GRID grid.10388.32, ISNI 0000 0001 2240 3300, Department for Geography, , University of Bonn, ; 53115 Bonn, Germany
                [50 ]GRID grid.7737.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0410 2071, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, , University of Helsinki, ; 00014 Helsinki, Finland
                [51 ]GRID grid.8217.c, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9705, Trinity College Dublin, School of Natural Sciences, Botany Department, ; Dublin, Ireland
                [52 ]GRID grid.454939.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0371 4164, National Forest Centre, , Forest Research Institute, ; 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
                [53 ]GRID grid.425286.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2159 6489, Department of Geomatics, , Forest Research Institute, ; 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
                [54 ]GRID grid.27139.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 1018 7460, Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, ; 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
                [55 ]GRID grid.7886.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0768 2743, UCD Forestry, School of Agriculture and Food Science, , University College Dublin, ; Dublin, Ireland
                [56 ]GRID grid.412592.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0940 9855, Siberian Federal University, ; 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
                [57 ]GRID grid.448129.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 0932, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, ; 252 02 Jíloviště, Czech Republic
                [58 ]GRID grid.6341.0, ISNI 0000 0000 8578 2742, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), ; 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
                [59 ]GRID grid.418260.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0646 9053, Beijing Research & Development Centre for Grass and Environment, , Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, ; 100097 Beijing, China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2674-1731
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9438-0582
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8479-3209
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-5847
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2324-0723
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-2523
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1254-4254
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-3292
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-8042
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-003X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2332-7298
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-1477
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9761-074X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5218-6682
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8566-4599
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-3964
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8130-6137
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-4629
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9743-614X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-2108
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5700-7209
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-2142
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-9402
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3442-1711
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5546-1918
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-1599
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7123-6403
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-6199
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-9625
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-2770
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-6999
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-885X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0047-2123
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9677-5094
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9985-7650
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-2111
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-9746
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2040-6150
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7460-0100
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-4396
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5197-7044
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6718-2756
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2208-7285
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-4904
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2442-8522
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-2496
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-8320
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-4021
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-8932
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-5296
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-6105
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-6834
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-0144
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-8668
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-8244
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6697-3858
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-947X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-9554
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-7674
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-8563
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-2402
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-0686
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6252-0704
                Article
                27579
                10.1038/s41467-021-27579-9
                8748979
                35013178
                8098559b-6e6d-4e15-a8b2-b7e1248686fb
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 4 June 2021
                : 26 November 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: COST Action network STReESS (grant FP1106)
                Categories
                Article
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                © The Author(s) 2022

                Uncategorized
                plant ecology,heat,climate-change ecology,ecophysiology,forest ecology
                Uncategorized
                plant ecology, heat, climate-change ecology, ecophysiology, forest ecology

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