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      Prevalence of Risk Factors Among Patients With Glaucoma in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of risk factors among patients with glaucoma in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

          Methods 

          This cross-sectional study was conducted on 215 patients diagnosed with glaucoma in the period between March 2022 and August 2022 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We used the participants’ medical records and contacted the patients to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and known risk factors of glaucoma.

          Results

          Among the 215 patients with glaucoma, 142 (66.0%) patients had open-angle glaucoma, 15 (7.0%) patients had closed-angle glaucoma, and 58 (27.0%) patients had congenital glaucoma. Among the patients with open-angle glaucoma, 122 (85.9%) patients were aged > 40 years, and 99 (69.7%) patients had myopia. Among the patients with closed-angle glaucoma, 13 (86.7%) patients had hyperopia and 10 (66.7%) patients were aged > 60 years. Among the patients with congenital glaucoma, 21 (36.2%) patients had a family history of congenital glaucoma and 28 (48.3%) patients had consanguine parents. 

          Conclusion

          The prevalence of advanced age, hyperopia, and consanguine parents was the highest among patients with open-angle glaucoma, closed-angle glaucoma, and congenital glaucoma, respectively. These findings could inform public health policies among practitioners involved in ophthalmological care.

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          Most cited references32

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          Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Wong … (2014)
          Glaucoma is the leading cause of global irreversible blindness. Present estimates of global glaucoma prevalence are not up-to-date and focused mainly on European ancestry populations. We systematically examined the global prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and projected the number of affected people in 2020 and 2040. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data from 50 population-based studies (3770 POAG cases among 140,496 examined individuals and 786 PACG cases among 112 398 examined individuals). We searched PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science for population-based studies of glaucoma prevalence published up to March 25, 2013. Hierarchical Bayesian approach was used to estimate the pooled glaucoma prevalence of the population aged 40-80 years along with 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Projections of glaucoma were estimated based on the United Nations World Population Prospects. Bayesian meta-regression models were performed to assess the association between the prevalence of POAG and the relevant factors. Prevalence and projection numbers of glaucoma cases. The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40-80 years is 3.54% (95% CrI, 2.09-5.82). The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa (4.20%; 95% CrI, 2.08-7.35), and the prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia (1.09%; 95% CrI, 0.43-2.32). In 2013, the number of people (aged 40-80 years) with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040. In the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CrI, 1.23-1.52), and after adjusting for age, gender, habitation type, response rate, and year of study, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry (OR, 2.80; 95% CrI, 1.83-4.06), and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas (OR, 1.58; 95% CrI, 1.19-2.04). The number of people with glaucoma worldwide will increase to 111.8 million in 2040, disproportionally affecting people residing in Asia and Africa. These estimates are important in guiding the designs of glaucoma screening, treatment, and related public health strategies. Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma.

            Richard Miller, D Heuer, Janet Parrish … (2002)
            Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and worldwide. Three to 6 million people in the United States are at increased risk for developing POAG because of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), or ocular hypertension. There is no consensus on the efficacy of medical treatment in delaying or preventing the onset of POAG in individuals with elevated IOP. Therefore, we designed a randomized clinical trial, the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. To determine the safety and efficacy of topical ocular hypotensive medication in delaying or preventing the onset of POAG. A total of 1636 participants with no evidence of glaucomatous damage, aged 40 to 80 years, and with an IOP between 24 mm Hg and 32 mm Hg in one eye and between 21 mm Hg and 32 mm Hg in the other eye were randomized to either observation or treatment with commercially available topical ocular hypotensive medication. The goal in the medication group was to reduce the IOP by 20% or more and to reach an IOP of 24 mm Hg or less. The primary outcome was the development of reproducible visual field abnormality or reproducible optic disc deterioration attributed to POAG. Abnormalities were determined by masked certified readers at the reading centers, and attribution to POAG was decided by the masked Endpoint Committee. During the course of the study, the mean +/- SD reduction in IOP in the medication group was 22.5% +/- 9.9%. The IOP declined by 4.0% +/- 11.6% in the observation group. At 60 months, the cumulative probability of developing POAG was 4.4% in the medication group and 9.5% in the observation group (hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.59; P<.0001). There was little evidence of increased systemic or ocular risk associated with ocular hypotensive medication. Topical ocular hypotensive medication was effective in delaying or preventing the onset of POAG in individuals with elevated IOP. Although this does not imply that all patients with borderline or elevated IOP should receive medication, clinicians should consider initiating treatment for individuals with ocular hypertension who are at moderate or high risk for developing POAG.
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              Glaucoma is second leading cause of blindness globally

              Sharon Kingman (2004)
              Article 0 comments Cited 189 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cureus
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cureus
                Journal ID (issn): 2168-8184
                Title: Cureus
                Publisher: Cureus (Palo Alto (CA) )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2168-8184
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 17 April 2023
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): April 2023
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e37689
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
                [2 ] General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
                Author notes
                Article
                DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37689
                PMC ID: 10191456
                SO-VID: 80b040b8-9598-42ec-9377-bd85e7a2b064
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023, Al-Manjoumi et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date accepted : 17 April 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Ophthalmology
                Subject: Epidemiology/Public Health

                Keywords: risk factors,primary open-angle glaucoma,prevalence,primary congenital glaucoma,angle closure glaucoma
                Data availability:
                Keywords: risk factors, primary open-angle glaucoma, prevalence, primary congenital glaucoma, angle closure glaucoma

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