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      Emerging zoonotic viral infections of occupational health importance

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          ABSTRACT

          Emerging viral infections represent a public health risk pointed out by the spreading of pathogens with potential zoonotic risk. Moreover, the risk of zoonosis has probably been underestimated in occupational settings. A literature review between 2007 and 2018 was performed to identify evidences concerning the epidemiological associations between some emerging viruses and occupational diseases. Observational studies and case-reports were selected and analyzed. West Nile Virus (WNV) disease, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) disease and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection were included in the review for their potential zoonotic transmission. The most important risk factor for acquiring WNV infection and CCHF infection is the exposure to infected mosquitoes and ticks, respectively; therefore, outdoor workers are at risk of infection. HEV is responsible for epidemics and endemics of acute hepatitis in humans, that can become infected through waterborne, foodborne and zoonotic transmission routes. A total of 10, 34 and 45 eligible studies for WNV, CCHF virus (CCFHV) and HEV, respectively, were analyzed by year, country, study design, risk group and outcomes. The occupational risk groups mainly included farm and agricultural workers, veterinarians, slaughterers, animal handlers, healthcare workers and soldiers. These findings support the need to develop effective interventions to prevent transmission of emerging viruses.

          Abstract

          This systematic review summarizes epidemiological studies published from 2007 until October 2018 on West Nile Virus infection, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever and Hepatitis E in occupational settings

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          The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies

          Aysen Gargili, Agustin Estrada-Peña, Jessica R. Spengler … (2017)
          This manuscript is part of a series of reviews that aim to cover published research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and its etiological agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV). The virus is maintained and transmitted in a vertical and horizontal transmission cycle involving a variety of wild and domestic vertebrate species that act as amplification hosts, without showing signs of illness. These vertebrates have traditionally been considered reservoirs of CCHFV, but in fact they develop only a transient viremia, while the virus can persist in ticks for their entire lifespan, and can also be transmitted vertically to the next generation. As a result, ticks are now considered to be both the vector and the reservoir for the virus. CCHFV has been detected in a wide range of tick species, but only a few have been proven to be vectors and reservoirs, mainly because most published studies have been performed under a broad variety of conditions, precluding definitive characterization. This article reviews the published literature, summarizes current knowledge of the role of ticks in CCHFV maintenance and transmission and provides guidance for how to fill the knowledge gaps. Special focus is given to existing data on tick species in which vertical passage has been demonstrated under natural or experimental conditions. At the same time, we identify earlier reports that used unreliable methods and perceptions to ascribe a vector role to some species of ticks, and have contributed to confusion regarding viral transmission. We also examine epidemiological pathways of CCHFV circulation and discuss priority areas for future research.
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            Autochthonous Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain.

            Anabel Negredo, Fernando de la Calle-Prieto, Eduardo Palencia-Herrejón … (2017)
            Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed, viral, tickborne disease. In Europe, cases have been reported only in the southeastern part of the continent. We report two autochthonous cases in Spain. The index patient acquired the disease through a tick bite in the province of Ávila - 300 km away from the province of Cáceres, where viral RNA from ticks was amplified in 2010. The second patient was a nurse who became infected while caring for the index patient. Both were infected with the African 3 lineage of this virus. (Funded by Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales [RICET] and Efficient Response to Highly Dangerous and Emerging Pathogens at EU [European Union] Level [EMERGE].).
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              Hepatitis E and pregnancy: current state

              María Teresa Pérez-Gracia, Beatriz Suay-García, María Luisa Mateos-Lindemann (2017)
              Article 0 comments Cited 83 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pathog Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pathog Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): femspd
                Title: Pathogens and Disease
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 2049-632X
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: March 2019
                Volume: 77
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: ftz018
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
                [2 ]Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità,Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Nicoletta Vonesch, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy. Tel: +390694181280; E-mail: n.vonesch@ 123456inail.it

                These authors equally contributed to the paper.

                Article
                Publisher ID: ftz018
                DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz018
                PMC ID: 7108535
                PubMed ID: 30916772
                SO-VID: 810594b2-eb20-4061-836d-0a86ba92cbc1
                Copyright © © FEMS 2019.
                License:

                This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model ( https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2019
                Date accepted : 26 March 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 26
                Categories
                Subject: Minireview

                Keywords: emerging viruses,infections,occupational exposure,workplace,workers,hepatitis e,west nile virus disease,crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever
                Data availability:
                Keywords: emerging viruses, infections, occupational exposure, workplace, workers, hepatitis e, west nile virus disease, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever

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