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      Quartz tuning fork-based demodulation of an acoustic signal induced by photo-thermo-elastic energy conversion

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          Abstract

          A gas sensing method based on quartz-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy (QEPTS) demodulated by quartz tuning fork (QTF) sensing acoustic wave is reported for the first time. Different from traditional QEPTS, the method proposed in this paper utilizes the second QTF to sense acoustic wave produced by the first QTF owing to the vibration resulted from photo-thermo-elastic effect. This indirect demodulation by acoustic wave sensing can avoid QTF being irradiated by laser beam and therefore get less noise and realize better detection sensitivity. Four different sensing configurations are designed and verified. Acetylene (C 2H 2) with a volume concentration of 1.95 % is selected as the target gas. A model of sound field produced by the first QTF vibrating is established by finite element method to explain the variation trend of signal and noise in the second QTF. The measured results indicate that this technique had an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1.36 times when compared to the traditional QEPTS. Further improvement methods for such technique is proposed.

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          QEPAS based ppb-level detection of CO and N2O using a high power CW DFB-QCL.

          Yufei Ma, M Razeghi, Frank Tittel … (2013)
          An ultra-sensitive and selective quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor platform was demonstrated for detection of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This sensor used a state-of-the art 4.61 μm high power, continuous wave (CW), distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) operating at 10°C as the excitation source. For the R(6) CO absorption line, located at 2169.2 cm(-1), a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 1.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at atmospheric pressure was achieved with a 1 sec acquisition time and the addition of 2.6% water vapor concentration in the analyzed gas mixture. For the N2O detection, a MDL of 23 ppbv was obtained at an optimum gas pressure of 100 Torr and with the same water vapor content of 2.6%. In both cases the presence of water vapor increases the detected CO and N2O QEPAS signal levels as a result of enhancing the vibrational-translational relaxation rate of both target gases. Allan deviation analyses were performed to investigate the long term performance of the CO and N2O QEPAS sensor systems. For the optimum data acquisition time of 500 sec a MDL of 340 pptv and 4 ppbv was obtained for CO and N2O detection, respectively. To demonstrate reliable and robust operation of the QEPAS sensor a continuous monitoring of atmospheric CO and N2O concentration levels for a period of 5 hours were performed.
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            Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: A Review

            Pietro Patimisco, Gaetano Scamarcio, Frank Tittel … (2014)
            A detailed review on the development of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensors (QEPAS) for the sensitive and selective quantification of molecular trace gas species with resolved spectroscopic features is reported. The basis of the QEPAS technique, the technology available to support this field in terms of key components, such as light sources and quartz-tuning forks and the recent developments in detection methods and performance limitations will be discussed. Furthermore, different experimental QEPAS methods such as: on-beam and off-beam QEPAS, quartz-enhanced evanescent wave photoacoustic detection, modulation-cancellation approach and mid-IR single mode fiber-coupled sensor systems will be reviewed and analysed. A QEPAS sensor operating in the THz range, employing a custom-made quartz-tuning fork and a THz quantum cascade laser will be also described. Finally, we evaluated data reported during the past decade and draw relevant and useful conclusions from this analysis.
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              Beat frequency quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for fast and calibration-free continuous trace-gas monitoring

              Hongpeng Wu, Lei Dong, Huadan Zheng … (2017)
              Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is a sensitive gas detection technique which requires frequent calibration and has a long response time. Here we report beat frequency (BF) QEPAS that can be used for ultra-sensitive calibration-free trace-gas detection and fast spectral scan applications. The resonance frequency and Q-factor of the quartz tuning fork (QTF) as well as the trace-gas concentration can be obtained simultaneously by detecting the beat frequency signal generated when the transient response signal of the QTF is demodulated at its non-resonance frequency. Hence, BF-QEPAS avoids a calibration process and permits continuous monitoring of a targeted trace gas. Three semiconductor lasers were selected as the excitation source to verify the performance of the BF-QEPAS technique. The BF-QEPAS method is capable of measuring lower trace-gas concentration levels with shorter averaging times as compared to conventional PAS and QEPAS techniques and determines the electrical QTF parameters precisely.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yufei Ma
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Photoacoustics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Photoacoustics
                Title: Photoacoustics
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-5979
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: June 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2021
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100272
                Affiliations
                [0005]National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. mayufei@ 123456hit.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2213-5979(21)00033-1 Publisher ID: 100272
                DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100272
                PMC ID: 8144470
                PubMed ID: 34040982
                SO-VID: 82e34fc7-bc59-4ad5-b097-91904d63e5a5
                Copyright © © 2021 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 17 March 2021
                Date revision received : 22 April 2021
                Date accepted : 10 May 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: quartz tuning fork,photothermal spectroscopy,indirect demodulation,acoustic wave sensing
                Data availability:
                Keywords: quartz tuning fork, photothermal spectroscopy, indirect demodulation, acoustic wave sensing

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