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      Medicinal, biological and phytochemical properties of Gentiana species

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          Abstract

          Gentiana, a cosmopolitan and important genus of the Gentianaceae family, comprises 400 species distributed among the world. Based on the studies of Iranian traditional medicine texts, there are some promising bioactivities for this genus that is unknown in modern medicine and some of them are still the basis of new remedies. In traditional medicine texts, Gentiana's different exclusive forms of preparations are effective for treatment of some disorders such as menstrual over-bleeding, conjunctivitis, vitiligo, animals venom poisoning, injuries, infected wounds, pain and swelling of liver, spleen, stomach and sprains of muscles. There are some activities that are the same in traditional and modern medicine such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and diuretic effects. Phytochemical investigations on the title genus have led to characterization many secondary metabolites. Secoiridoidal and iridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside, xanthones, monoterpene alkaloid; polyphenol and flavones are the constituents that have been shown the pharmacological activities in different gentian species. This article studies the Gentiana according to the Iranian traditional and modern medicine.

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          Validation of the ITS2 Region as a Novel DNA Barcode for Identifying Medicinal Plant Species

          Shilin Chen, Hui-min Yao, Jianping Han … (2010)
          Background The plant working group of the Consortium for the Barcode of Life recommended the two-locus combination of rbcL + matK as the plant barcode, yet the combination was shown to successfully discriminate among 907 samples from 550 species at the species level with a probability of 72%. The group admits that the two-locus barcode is far from perfect due to the low identification rate, and the search is not over. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we compared seven candidate DNA barcodes (psbA-trnH, matK, rbcL, rpoC1, ycf5, ITS2, and ITS) from medicinal plant species. Our ranking criteria included PCR amplification efficiency, differential intra- and inter-specific divergences, and the DNA barcoding gap. Our data suggest that the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA represents the most suitable region for DNA barcoding applications. Furthermore, we tested the discrimination ability of ITS2 in more than 6600 plant samples belonging to 4800 species from 753 distinct genera and found that the rate of successful identification with the ITS2 was 92.7% at the species level. Conclusions The ITS2 region can be potentially used as a standard DNA barcode to identify medicinal plants and their closely related species. We also propose that ITS2 can serve as a novel universal barcode for the identification of a broader range of plant taxa.
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            Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines.

            Pranab Mukherjee, Atul Wahile (2006)
            Biodiversity of natural resources has served not only for the primary human needs but also for health care, since time immemorial. The Indian subcontinent, with the history of one of the oldest civilization, harbors many traditional health care systems. Their development was supported by the diverse biodiversity in flora and fauna due to variations in geographical landscaping. Ayurveda, whose history goes back to 5000 b.c., is one of the ancient health care systems. The Ayurveda was developed through daily life experiences with the mutual relationship between mankind and nature. The ancient text of Ayurveda reports more than 2000 plant species for their therapeutic potentials. Besides Ayurveda, other traditional and folklore systems of health care were developed in the different time periods in Indian subcontinent, where more than 7500 plant species were used. According to a WHO estimate, about 80% of the world population relies on traditional systems of medicines for primary health care, where plants form the dominant component over other natural resources. Renewed interest of developing as well as developed countries in the natural resources has opened new horizons for the exploration of natural sources with the perspectives of safety and efficacy. The development of these traditional systems of medicines with the perspectives of safety, efficacy and quality will help not only to preserve this traditional heritage but also to rationalize the use of natural products in the health care. Until recent past, the nature was considered as a compendium for templates of new chemical entities (NCEs). The plant species mentioned in the ancient texts of these Ayurveda and other Indian systems of medicines may be explored with the modern scientific approaches for better leads in the health care.
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              Patented antiinflammatory plant drug development from traditional medicine.

              R Doreswamy, M. Darshan (2004)
              Patents secured on antiinflammatory plant drugs derived from 38 plants are reviewed. An attempt has been made to compare the modern and traditional use of plant drugs and to establish the relevance of folk claims in developing modern drugs. The role of plant botanicals such as polysaccharides, terpenes, curcuminoids, alkaloids, etc. in alleviating inflammatory diseases including arthritis, rheumatism, acne skin allergy and ulcers is highlighted. Chemicals that alleviate swelling are derived from plants including grape, boswellia, turmeric, devil's claw and some essential oils such as clove, eucalyptus, rosemary, lavender, mint, myrrh, millefolia and pine have been patented and used as mixed formulations. Plants containing polysaccharides are the most potent in curing inflammatory diseases. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohammad Azadbakht
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Tradit Complement Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Tradit Complement Med
                Title: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2225-4110
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: October 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 January 2017
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 400-408
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
                [b ]Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Azadbakhtm@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2225-4110(17)30004-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.013
                PMC ID: 5634738
                PubMed ID: 29034186
                SO-VID: 84505519-2ecc-4495-9aa0-020f28596624
                Copyright © © 2017 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2016
                Date revision received : 18 December 2016
                Date accepted : 30 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: gentiana,gentianaceae,iranian traditional medicine,anti-inflammatory,gentiopicroside
                Data availability:
                Keywords: gentiana, gentianaceae, iranian traditional medicine, anti-inflammatory, gentiopicroside

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