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      Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy in OLETF Rats by Prostaglandin I 2 Analog, Beraprost Sodium

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          Abstract

          Background: Strict control of blood glucose and blood pressure levels sometimes fails to delay the development of diabetic nephropathy, and an effective therapy is not yet available. The present study aimed to examine whether the prostaglandin I<sub>2</sub> analog beraprost sodium (BPS) ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat. Method: Fifty-week-old OLETF rats were divided into three groups according to treatment; 400 μg/kg body weight (BW) BPS, 200 μg/kg BW BPS, and 0.9% saline administration. Kidney histology, index of glomerulosclerosis, and glomerular volume were determined, and urine and serum chemistry were assessed. Results: The values for urine protein excretion and serum blood urea nitrogen in BPS-treated rats were significantly lower than those in untreated rats. In rats treated with 400 μg/kg BW BPS, neither sclerotic changes nor inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. Index of glomerulosclerosis and glomerular volume were also significantly reduced compared with untreated rats. Intriguingly, BPS reduced the level of serum triglyceride. In the glomerulus of treated rats, advanced glycation end product formation and macrophage influx were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These findings indicate that BPS has a therapeutic effect on diabetic nephropathy in the OLETF rat, which suggests a potential application of this drug in the treatment of human diabetic nephropathy.

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          Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications.

          M. Brownlee, A Cerami, H Vlassara (1988)
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            Spontaneous long-term hyperglycemic rat with diabetic complications. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) strain.

            K Kawano, T Hirashima, S Mori … (1992)
            A spontaneously diabetic rat with polyuria, polydipsia, and mild obesity was discovered in 1984 in an outbred colony of Long-Evans rats, which had been purchased from Charles River Canada (St. Constant, Quebec, Canada) in 1982. A strain of rats developed from this rat by selective breeding has since been maintained at the Tokushima Research Institute (Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan) and named OLETF. The characteristic features of OLETF rats are 1) late onset of hyperglycemia (after 18 wk of age); 2) a chronic course of disease; 3) mild obesity; 4) inheritance by males; 5) hyperplastic foci of pancreatic islets; and 6) renal complication (nodular lesions). Histologically, the changes of pancreatic islets can be classified into three stages: 1) an early stage (6-20 wk of age) of cellular infiltration and degeneration; 2) a hyperplastic stage (20-40 wk of age); and 3) a final stage (at > 40 wk of age). These clinical and pathological features of disease in OLETF rats resemble those of human NIDDM.
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              Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy.

              Hans-Peter Hammes, Angelika Bierhaus, Ida Giardino … (2003)
              Three of the major biochemical pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia induced vascular damage (the hexosamine pathway, the advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation pathway and the diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway) are activated by increased availability of the glycolytic metabolites glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. We have discovered that the lipid-soluble thiamine derivative benfotiamine can inhibit these three pathways, as well as hyperglycemia-associated NF-kappaB activation, by activating the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme transketolase, which converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate into pentose-5-phosphates and other sugars. In retinas of diabetic animals, benfotiamine treatment inhibited these three pathways and NF-kappaB activation by activating transketolase, and also prevented experimental diabetic retinopathy. The ability of benfotiamine to inhibit three major pathways simultaneously might be clinically useful in preventing the development and progression of diabetic complications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AJN
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Nephrol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0250-8095
                Title: American Journal of Nephrology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 0250-8095
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9670
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2009
                Publication date (Print): July 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 January 2009
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-11
                Affiliations
                aDivision of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, bDepartment of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 195722 Other ID: Am J Nephrol 2009;30:1–11
                DOI: 10.1159/000195722
                PubMed ID: 19158439
                SO-VID: 848212d9-81de-4d20-b66e-fc4c97dc4a0e
                Copyright © © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 04 September 2008
                Date accepted : 27 November 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, References: 59, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Original Report: Laboratory Investigation

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy,Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat,Beraprost sodium,Prostaglandin I2
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology
                Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, Beraprost sodium, Prostaglandin I2

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