Molecular detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in urban rodents from wet markets in northeast Malaysia

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Abstract

Objective:

This short study describes the occurrence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in two major wet markets in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Materials and Methods:

30 rodents (20 rats and 10 shrews) were caught in 2 wet markets, and a postmortem was performed to extract both kidneys. Molecular diagnosis via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to detect leptospiral DNA using universal and pathogenic Leptospira primers, respectively.

Results:

The results showed that 20/28 (72%) rat samples were detected positive for Leptospira spp, and all shrews were negative. Further sequencing analysis identified L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii as the most frequently Leptospirosis species from kidney samples.

Conclusions:

The presented study here sheds light on the presence of pathogenic leptospires harboring the rat population in both wet markets in Kelantan, which presents a great public health risk to wet market workers and visitors.

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Most cited references 30

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MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11

Koichiro Tamura, Glen Stecher, Sudhir Kumar (2021)

The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software has matured to contain a large collection of methods and tools of computational molecular evolution. Here, we describe new additions that make MEGA a more comprehensive tool for building timetrees of species, pathogens, and gene families using rapid relaxed-clock methods. Methods for estimating divergence times and confidence intervals are implemented to use probability densities for calibration constraints for node-dating and sequence sampling dates for tip-dating analyses. They are supported by new options for tagging sequences with spatiotemporal sampling information, an expanded interactive Node Calibrations Editor , and an extended Tree Explorer to display timetrees. Also added is a Bayesian method for estimating neutral evolutionary probabilities of alleles in a species using multispecies sequence alignments and a machine learning method to test for the autocorrelation of evolutionary rates in phylogenies. The computer memory requirements for the maximum likelihood analysis are reduced significantly through reprogramming, and the graphical user interface has been made more responsive and interactive for very big data sets. These enhancements will improve the user experience, quality of results, and the pace of biological discovery. Natively compiled graphical user interface and command-line versions of MEGA11 are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS from www.megasoftware.net .

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Global Burden of Leptospirosis: Estimated in Terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years

Paul Torgerson, José E. Hagan, Federico Costa … (2015)

Background Leptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonosis, occurs in diverse epidemiological settings and affects vulnerable populations, such as rural subsistence farmers and urban slum dwellers. Although leptospirosis can cause life-threatening disease, there is no global burden of disease estimate in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) available. Methodology/Principal Findings We utilised the results of a parallel publication that reported global estimates of morbidity and mortality due to leptospirosis. We estimated Years of Life Lost (YLLs) from age and gender stratified mortality rates. Years of Life with Disability (YLDs) were developed from a simple disease model indicating likely sequelae. DALYs were estimated from the sum of YLLs and YLDs. The study suggested that globally approximately 2·90 million DALYs are lost per annum (UIs 1·25–4·54 million) from the approximately annual 1·03 million cases reported previously. Males are predominantly affected with an estimated 2·33 million DALYs (UIs 0·98–3·69) or approximately 80% of the total burden. For comparison, this is over 70% of the global burden of cholera estimated by GBD 2010. Tropical regions of South and South-east Asia, Western Pacific, Central and South America, and Africa had the highest estimated leptospirosis disease burden. Conclusions/Significance Leptospirosis imparts a significant health burden worldwide, which approach or exceed those encountered for a number of other zoonotic and neglected tropical diseases. The study findings indicate that highest burden estimates occur in resource-poor tropical countries, which include regions of Africa where the burden of leptospirosis has been under-appreciated and possibly misallocated to other febrile illnesses such as malaria.

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Genome Sequence of the Saprophyte Leptospira biflexa Provides Insights into the Evolution of Leptospira and the Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis

Mathieu Picardeau, Dieter Bulach, Christiane Bouchier … (2008)

Leptospira biflexa is a free-living saprophytic spirochete present in aquatic environments. We determined the genome sequence of L. biflexa, making it the first saprophytic Leptospira to be sequenced. The L. biflexa genome has 3,590 protein-coding genes distributed across three circular replicons: the major 3,604 chromosome, a smaller 278-kb replicon that also carries essential genes, and a third 74-kb replicon. Comparative sequence analysis provides evidence that L. biflexa is an excellent model for the study of Leptospira evolution; we conclude that 2052 genes (61%) represent a progenitor genome that existed before divergence of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species. Comparisons of the L. biflexa genome with two pathogenic Leptospira species reveal several major findings. Nearly one-third of the L. biflexa genes are absent in pathogenic Leptospira. We suggest that once incorporated into the L. biflexa genome, laterally transferred DNA undergoes minimal rearrangement due to physical restrictions imposed by high gene density and limited presence of transposable elements. In contrast, the genomes of pathogenic Leptospira species undergo frequent rearrangements, often involving recombination between insertion sequences. Identification of genes common to the two pathogenic species, L. borgpetersenii and L. interrogans, but absent in L. biflexa, is consistent with a role for these genes in pathogenesis. Differences in environmental sensing capacities of L. biflexa, L. borgpetersenii, and L. interrogans suggest a model which postulates that loss of signal transduction functions in L. borgpetersenii has impaired its survival outside a mammalian host, whereas L. interrogans has retained environmental sensory functions that facilitate disease transmission through water.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Adv Vet Anim Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Adv Vet Anim Res

Journal ID (publisher-id): JAVAR

Title: Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research

Publisher: A periodical of the Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET) (Bangladesh )

ISSN (Electronic): 2311-7710

Publication date Collection: June 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 26 June 2022

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Pages: 275-281

Affiliations

[1 ]Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia

[2 ]School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Lincoln, United Kingdom

[3 ]Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Author notes

Correspondence Intan Noor Aina Kamaruzaman intanaina@ 123456umk.edu.my Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu Malaysia

Article

DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i593

PMC ID: 9298102

PubMed ID: 35891657

SO-VID: 85a5f67b-d701-41c2-8e46-cfc622e81b41

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

History

Date received : 25 February 2022

Date revision received : 09 May 2022

Date accepted : 10 May 2022

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Molecular detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in urban rodents from wet markets in northeast Malaysia

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Abstract

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Materials and Methods:

Results:

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UUM Press - Universiti Utara Malaysia

Most cited references 30

MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11

Global Burden of Leptospirosis: Estimated in Terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years

Genome Sequence of the Saprophyte Leptospira biflexa Provides Insights into the Evolution of Leptospira and the Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis

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