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      Feline Panleukopenia Virus With G299E Substitution in the VP2 Protein First Identified From a Captive Giant Panda in China

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          Abstract

          A feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Giant panda/CD/2018, was isolated from a captive giant panda with mild diarrhea in 2018 in Chengdu, China, and further identified via indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, and genetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete VP2 nucleotide sequences showed that it shared high homology with Chinese FPV isolates and grouped within FPV cluster 1. One unique substitution Gly(G)299Glu(E) in the capsid protein VP2 was first identified with Giant panda/CD/2018. The presence of the G299E substitution is notable as it is located on the top region of the interconnecting surface loop 3, which may be involved in controlling the host range and antigenicity of FPV. These findings first demonstrate that FPV with natural point mutation G299E in the VP2 gene is prevalent in giant panda and suggest that etiological surveillance and vaccination among all giant pandas are urgently needed to protect this endangered species against FPV infection.

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          Most cited references23

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          ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae

          Members of the family Parvoviridae are small, resilient, non-enveloped viruses with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of 4–6 kb. Viruses in two subfamilies, the Parvovirinae and Densovirinae, are distinguished primarily by their respective ability to infect vertebrates (including humans) versus invertebrates. Being genetically limited, most parvoviruses require actively dividing host cells and are host and/or tissue specific. Some cause diseases, which range from subclinical to lethal. A few require co-infection with helper viruses from other families. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Parvoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/parvoviridae.
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            The three-dimensional structure of canine parvovirus and its functional implications.

            The three-dimensional atomic structure of a single-stranded DNA virus has been determined. Infectious virions of canine parvovirus contain 60 protein subunits that are predominantly VP-2. The central structural motif of VP-2 has the same topology (an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel) as has been found in many other icosahedral viruses but represents only about one-third of the capsid protein. There is a 22 angstrom (A) long protrusion on the threefold axes, a 15 A deep canyon circulating about each of the five cylindrical structures at the fivefold axes, and a 15 A deep depression at the twofold axes. By analogy with rhinoviruses, the canyon may be the site of receptor attachment. Residues related to the antigenic properties of the virus are found on the threefold protrusions. Some of the amino termini of VP-2 run to the exterior in full but not empty virions, which is consistent with the observation that some VP-2 polypeptides in full particles can be cleaved by trypsin. Eleven nucleotides are seen in each of 60 symmetry-related pockets on the interior surface of the capsid and together account for 13 percent of the genome.
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              Fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in China

              We report an outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection among endangered giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Five of six CDV infected giant pandas died. The surviving giant panda was previously vaccinated against CDV. Genomic sequencing of CDV isolated from one of the infected pandas (giant panda/SX/2014) suggests it belongs to the Asia-1 cluster. The hemagglutinin protein of the isolated virus and virus sequenced from lung samples originating from deceased giant pandas all possessed the substitutions V26M, T213A, K281R, S300N, P340Q, and Y549H. The presence of the Y549H substitution is notable as it is found at the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptor-binding site and has been implicated in the emergence of highly pathogenic CDV and host switching. These findings demonstrate that giant pandas are susceptible to CDV and suggest that surveillance and vaccination among all captive giant pandas are warranted to support conservation efforts for this endangered species.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2235-2988
                07 February 2022
                2021
                : 11
                : 820144
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changchun, China
                [2] 2College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University , Jilin, China
                [3] 3Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda , Chengdu, China
                [4] 4College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
                [5] 5Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Muhammad Munir, Lancaster University, United Kingdom

                Reviewed by: Junki Maruyama, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States; Kun Zhang, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States

                *Correspondence: Songtao Yang, yst62041@ 123456163.com ; Na Feng, fengna0308@ 123456126.com ; Rong Hou, 405536517@ 123456qq.com

                This article was submitted to Virus and Host, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                10.3389/fcimb.2021.820144
                8859993
                35198456
                86650df9-216f-42ec-9c3c-74b1d62d290d
                Copyright © 2022 Yi, Liu, Meng, Huang, Cao, Jin, Wang, Hu, Lan, Zhang, Gao, Wang, Li, Feng, Hou, Yang and Xia

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 22 November 2021
                : 31 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 7, Words: 3350
                Categories
                Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Brief Research Report

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                fpv,giant pandas,g299e,vp2 protein,molecular characterization
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                fpv, giant pandas, g299e, vp2 protein, molecular characterization

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