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      Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior in Avoiding Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Non-Smoking Employed Women with Higher Education in Jordan

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          Abstract

          Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a serious public health threat worldwide; in the developing world there are less serious efforts towards controlling women’s and children’s exposure to SHS. Knowledge, attitudes and avoidance practices among Jordanian women have never been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and avoidance behavior towards SHS exposure among employed Jordanian women with higher education.

          Methods

          A survey was conducted among employed Jordanian women at two universities. A total of 209 women were included in the analysis. Two questionnaires regarding SHS exposure were used to measure knowledge, attitudes and avoidance practices.

          Results

          Most respondents were regularly exposed to SHS in various locations during daily life, even though they were very knowledgeable about the dangers of SHS exposure for women and children. However, the subject’s attitudes and avoidance behavior did not reflect the level of knowledge about SHS risks. The results suggests there is a large discrepancy between SHS exposure, knowledge, attitudes and avoidance behavior among highly educated Jordanian women that is likely influenced by culture and traditional gender roles. Public health initiatives are needed in Jordan to address public policy, institutional practices and to empowerment of women to reduce SHS exposure.

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          Most cited references22

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          Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study

          Christopher Murray, Alan Lopez (1997)
          The Lancet, 349(9064), 1498-1504
          Article 0 comments Cited 1149 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: evidence from 31 countries.

            Georgiana Onicescu, Jonathan M. Samet, Erika Avila-Tang … (2008)
            We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and generate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries. In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries. Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 mug/m(3)) compared with households without smokers (0.01 mug/m(3)). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children increased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose-response relationship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95% confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those prohibiting smoking inside. Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to SHS. Interventions to protect women and children from household SHS need to be strengthened.
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              Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among university students in Jordan.

              Linda Haddad, Malakeh Malak (2002)
              The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits, attitudes, and practices related to smoking among students of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan. Students (n = 650) were recruited in randomly selected, cluster samples drawn from the medical and engineering colleges of JUST. They were made familiar with a modified Arabic version of the World Health Organisation Smoking Questionnaire and the Attitudes towards Smoking Questionnaire to study their habits, attitudes, and beliefs in relation to smoking. The study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 28.6% (50.2% among males and 6.5% among females). Friends, not family, were the main source of the first smoking, and this most often occurred after 15 years of age (82.3%). Males preferred smoking in the cafeteria, females in the bathroom. The main advantage of smoking for males was calming down, while for females it was independence. Non-smokers chose not to smoke because of health and hatred of the habit. The non-smokers had more positive attitudes against smoking and were more aware of the adverse effects of smoking. The reasons smokers gave for starting smoking were pleasure, followed by stress and curiosity. Two-thirds of smokers intended to quit smoking in the future. Some smokers disagreed with some criticisms against smoking, and reasons why they did not want to quit included social attitudes, addiction, and not knowing how to quit. Results of this study may provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program in the university and encourage policy makers to limit smoking in the university by strengthening the policies against smoking. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 101238455
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Print): November 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 November 2011
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 4207-4219
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Postal Code 22110, Jordan; E-Mails: hudag@ 123456just.edu.jo (H.G.); nesrin@ 123456just.edu.jo (N.A.B.)
                [2 ]Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
                [3 ]School of Nursing, Hashemite University, Amman, Postal Code 13133, Jordan; E-Mail: sukaina-alzyoud@ 123456hu.edu.jo
                [4 ]General Medical Management, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Postal Code 11355, Egypt; E-Mail: oshahawy@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Institute of Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, E-Mail: elshahawyo@ 123456vcu.edu
                [6 ]School of Nursing, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; E-Mail: mgumlauf@ 123456ua.edu
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: lhaddad2@ 123456vcu.edu ; Tel.: +1-804-828-0433; Fax: +1-804-828-7743.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-08-04207
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8114207
                PMC ID: 3228567
                PubMed ID: 22163203
                SO-VID: 88f4d42e-7814-4fca-8bf2-64e8ccfee8cd
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 September 2011
                Date revision received : 25 October 2011
                Date accepted : 03 November 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: women,jordan,higher education,socioeconomic status,secondhand smoke
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: women, jordan, higher education, socioeconomic status, secondhand smoke

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