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      Helping patients connect remotely with their loved ones modulates distress in healthcare workers: a tend-and-befriend hypothesis for COVID-19 front liners Translated title: Ayudando a los pacientes a conectarse en forma remota con sus seres queridos modula el estrés en trabajadores de la salud: Una hipótesis de ‘cuidar y hacer amigos’ para trabajadores en primera línea del COVID-19 Translated title: 帮助患者与亲人远程联系可调节医护人员的痛苦:针对 COVID-19 一线人员的照料与结盟假设

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          ABSTRACT

          The no-visitor policies endorsed by healthcare organizations to limit COVID-19 virus risk exposure have unfortunately contributed to the isolation of patients further exacerbating distress in relatives and frontline healthcare workers. To contrast such effects, many healthcare institutions have adopted technology-based solutions helping patients and families communicate online through the aid of virtual devices. To date, no study has investigated whether facilitating patient-family videocalls would mitigate distress levels in frontline healthcare professionals. Caring for emotional needs of patients by re-establishing affiliative connections interrupted by the pandemic through patient-family videocalls is expected to mitigate distress in engaged healthcare workers as an example of a tend-and-befriend response to stress caused by the pandemic. We tested this hypothesis in a cross-sectional study conducted during 1–30 June 2020, involving 209 healthcare workers (nurses = 146; physicians = 63) engaged in the COVID-19 frontline in Italy. Half of participants in our sample ( n = 107) had assisted efforts aimed at connecting patients remotely with families through videocalls. Psychological distress measures included symptoms of burnout, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, and difficulty in sleep and wakefulness. Partially in line with our expectations we found a modulation effect specific for professional category: nurses assisting patient-family videocalls reported significantly lower levels of distress and a better quality of wakefulness compared to those who did not, whereas physicians reported higher levels of distress during such virtual communications. We interpret these findings from the perspective of patient-family communication and differences in skills and training between nurses and physicians. These findings highlight that technology-based solutions aimed at reducing barriers and alleviating distress in healthcare settings should be promoted in concert with skill enhancement training for healthcare professionals especially in terms of communicating online and communicating difficult topics with patients and families.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Tending to patients’ emotional needs by facilitating virtual communication with families mitigates distress in COVID-19 front-line nurses.

          • The inverse effect was observed among physicians who reported enhanced distress putatively due to gaps in communication skills and training.

          Translated abstract

          La política de no recibir visitas que ha sido legitimada por organizaciones de atención de salud para limitar el riesgo de la exposición al virus COVID-19 ha contribuido en forma desafortunada al aislamiento de los pacientes, lo que aumenta el malestar/angustia en familiares y en trabajadores de salud de la primera línea. Para contrastar tales efectos, muchas instituciones de salud han adoptado soluciones basadas en la tecnología para ayudar a pacientes y familiares a comunicarse en línea a través de la ayuda de dispositivos virtuales. Hasta la fecha, ningún estudio ha investigado si es que la facilitación de video llamadas paciente-familiares pudiese mitigar el nivel de angustia en profesionales de salud de primera línea. Se espera que el cuidado de las necesidades emocionales de los pacientes mediante el restablecimiento de conexiones afilativas interrumpidas por la pandemia a través de video llamadas entre el paciente y la familia ayude a mitigar la angustia en los trabajadores de la salud como un ejemplo de una respuesta de “cuidar y hacer amigos” a la angustia causada por la pandemia. Probamos esta hipótesis en un estudio transversal realizado entre el 01 y el 30 de junio del 2020, en la que participaron 209 trabajadores de la salud (enfermeras=146; médicos=63) involucrados en la atención de la primera línea del COVID-19 en Italia. La mitad de los participantes en nuestra muestra ( n=107) habían asistido a esfuerzos destinados a conectar a los pacientes en forma remota con sus familias a través de video-llamadas. Las medidas de angustia psicológica incluyeron síntomas de burnout, estrés postraumático, ansiedad, depresión, dificultad para dormir y estar despiertos. Parcialmente en línea con nuestras expectativas, encontramos un efecto modulador específico para la categoría profesional: Las enfermeras que asistían las video llamadas de los pacientes con sus familias reportaron significativamente menor nivel de angustia y una mejor calidad de vigilia en comparación con las que no lo hicieron, mientras los médicos reportaron mayores niveles de angustia durante tales comunicaciones virtuales. Interpretamos estos hallazgos desde la perspectiva de la comunicación paciente-familia y las diferencias en las habilidades y formación entre las enfermeras y los médicos. Estos hallazgos destacan que las soluciones basadas en la tecnología destinadas a reducir las barreras y aliviar la angustia en los entornos de atención de salud deben promoverse junto con la capacitación para la mejora de habilidades para profesionales de la salud especialmente en términos de comunicarse en línea y comunicar temáticas difíciles a pacientes y familiares.

          Translated abstract

          医疗机构批准的限制 COVID-19 病毒风险暴露的无访客政策不幸导致患者被隔离,进一步加剧了亲属和一线医护人员的痛苦。为了应对这种影响,许多医疗机构采用了基于技术的解决方案,通过虚拟设备帮助患者和家人进行在线沟通。迄今为止,还没有研究考查帮助患者家庭视频通话是否会减轻一线医疗保健专业人员的痛苦程度。通过患者家属视频通话重建因疫情中断的亲友联系来照顾患者的情感需求,有望作为一个对疫情引发应激的照料与结盟反应的例子,减轻敬业的医护人员的困扰。我们在 2020 年 6 月 1 日至 30 日期间进行的一项横断面研究中检验了这一假设#x0FF0C;涉及在意大利从事 COVID-19 一线工作的 209 名医护人员(护士 = 146; 医生 = 63)。我们样本中的一半参与者 ( n=107) 协助了旨在通过视频通话将患者与家人远程联系起来的努力。心理困扰测量包括倦怠、创伤后应激、焦虑、抑郁以及睡眠和清醒困难的症状。部分符合我们的预期,我们发现了特定于专业类别的中介效应: 相较于未协助患者家属视频通话的护士,协助患者家属视频通话的护士报告的痛苦程度显著降低,清醒质量更好,而医生在这种虚拟通信过程中报告了更高的痛苦。我们从患者与家属的沟通以及护士和医生之间技能和培训的差异的角度来解释这些结果。这些发现强调了旨在减少障碍和减轻医护环境中痛苦的技术解决方案应与医疗保健专业人员的医护技能增强培训(尤其是在在线沟通和与患者和家属沟通困难话题方面)一起推广。

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              Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China

              The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been rapidly transmitted globally. With the increasing number of infected cases and deaths, many patients experienced both physical suffering and great psychological distress. In China, a range of guidelines and expert consensus have been developed by health authorities and academic associations. Crisis mental health interventions, such as online education and counseling services, have been widely adopted nationwide (Liu et al., 2020). According to the treatment guidelines in China, COVID-19 patients need to be treated in isolated hospitals. Due to social isolation, perceived danger, uncertainty, physical discomfort, medication side effects, fear of virus transmission to others, and negative news on social media, patients with COVID-19 may experience loneliness, anger, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (Wu, Chan, & Ma, 2005; Xiang et al., 2020), which could negatively affect individuals' social and occupational functioning, and quality of life (Monson, Caron, McCloskey, & Brunet, 2017; North et al., 2002). To date, no studies on the pattern of posttraumatic stress symptoms among COVID-19 patients have been reported. Therefore, we examined the pattern of posttraumatic stress symptoms in clinically stable COVID-19 patients. We also explored patients' attitude toward crisis mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak. Online assessment was incorporated as part of the crisis psychological interventions. Patients were invited to participate in this online assessment prior to their discharge from five quarantine facilities (‘Fang Cang’ hospitals) in Wuhan, Hubei province in March 2020. ‘Fang Cang’ hospitals refer to temporary quarantine hospital facilities converted from gymnasiums, exhibition centers and sports centers for clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. To be eligible, participants should be adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 verified by patients' medical records, and clinically stable, as screened by patients' case medical officers. Participants were asked about their attitudes toward COVID-19-related online crisis mental health services, such as psycho-educational resources, and mental health counseling, using a standardized question: ‘Do you think online psycho-educational resources and mental health counseling provision during the COVID-19 outbreak are helpful?’ (yes/no). The amended self-reported Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist– Civilian Version (PCL-C) (Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993) was used to assess the severity of the posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with the COVID-19. A total PCL-C score of ⩾50 was considered ‘having significant posttraumatic stress symptoms’ (Yang, Yang, Liu, & Yang, 2007). A total of 730 COVID-19 patients were recruited in this study, of whom, 714 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the participants was 50.2 ± 12.9 years, men accounted for 49.1% of the sample, and 25.8% lived alone prior to admission. The prevalence of significant posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with the COVID-19 was 96.2% (95% CI 94.8–97.6%). Half of the participants (49.8%) considered psycho-educational services helpful. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study examining the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is noteworthy that most COVID-19 patients suffered from significant posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with the disease prior to discharge, and these symptoms may lead to negative outcomes, such as lower quality of life and impaired working performance. Following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the prevalence of PTSD in SARS survivors was 9.79% in their early recovery phase (Fang, Zhe, & Shuran, 2004) and 25.6% at 30-month post-SARS assessment (Mak, Chu, Pan, Yiu, & Chan, 2009). Our findings were significantly higher than that of Fang's and Mak's. The remarkable differences between these studies could be attributed to different clinical diagnosis and illness phrases (e.g., clinically stable COVID-19 inpatients vs. SARS survivors) and different measurements (e.g., self-reported instrument on posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with the COVID-19 vs. clinical diagnosis of PTSD established by professionals). The rapid transmission of COVID-19 alongside with demeaning news coverage in widely used communication programs (e.g. WeChat and Weibo), and social discrimination toward COVID-19 patients may result in higher prevalence of self-perceived posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with the COVID-19 in this study. Of particular note was that only half of the patients hold positive attitudes toward online crisis mental health services. During the COVID-19 outbreak, most crisis mental health services for infected patients are delivered online. Many COVID-19 patients were older adults with limited time, and restricted access to internet and smartphones due to poor health status during hospitalization (Yang et al., 2020). Compared with on-site psychological interventions, online self-guided psycho-educational resources could be less effective, especially for those with reading difficulties and physical discomfort brought by COVID-19 and treatment side effects. In conclusion, this study found that most clinically stable COVID-19 patients suffered from significant posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with the COVID-19 prior to discharge. Considering the negative detrimental impact of significant posttraumatic stress symptoms, appropriate crisis psychological interventions and long-term follow-up assessments should be urgently initiated for COVID-19 survivors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                12 October 2021
                2021
                12 October 2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1968141
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-Bologna University School of Medicine, S.Orsola’s University Hospital; , Bologna, Italy
                [b ]COVID-19 Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore/don Calabria di Negrar; , Verona, Italy
                [c ]School of Medicine and Surgery, Degree in Nursing Science, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi; , Bologna, Italy
                Author notes
                CONTACT Edita Fino edita.fino@ 123456unibo.it Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-Bologna University School of Medicine, S.Orsola’s University Hospital; , Via Massarenti 9, Bologna, 40138 Italy
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-9086
                Article
                1968141
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1968141
                8519556
                34659653
                8997c285-8cc2-44d5-a2e8-7eaf485e1fbf
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, References: 17, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Letter To The Editor
                Letter to the Editor

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                covid-19 pandemic,healthcare worker distress,tend-and-befriend stress response,patient-family online communication,pandemia covid-19,angustia del trabajador de la salud,respuesta al estrés “cuidar y hacer amigos“,comunicación en línea paciente-familia,covid-19 疫情,医护人员应激,患者-家人在线沟通

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