Polimorfismo y dimorfismo sexual de Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en la Región Arequipa, Perú

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Abstract

Resumen Se estudió el polimorfismo y dimorfismo sexual en tamaño y patrones de color de élitros, pronoto y rostro de Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777). Entre enero y marzo 2018 se recolectaron adultos en seis distritos de la Región Arequipa (Perú) y se analizaron a través de fotografías. Las hembras presentaron un mayor grado de melanización en rostro y pronoto, y fueron de mayor tamaño que los machos. Se hallaron dos patrones bien definidos, de seis y cuatro manchas donde estas variaron en forma y tamaño, manteniendo una ubicación fija. Individuos con manchas de mayor tamaño presentaron una o más manchas fusionadas.

Translated abstract

Abstract The polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in size and color patterns of elytra, pronotum and face of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) were studied. Between January and March 2018, adults were collected in six districts of the Arequipa Region (Peru) and analyzed through photographs. The females presented a greater degree of melanization in the face and pronotum, and were larger than the males. Two well-defined forms of six and four spots were found where they varied in shape and size, maintaining a fixed location. Individuals with larger spots had one or more fused spots.

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The Genomic Basis of Color Pattern Polymorphism in the Harlequin Ladybird

Mathieu Gautier, Junichi Yamaguchi, Julien Foucaud … (2018)

Summary Many animal species comprise discrete phenotypic forms. A common example in natural populations of insects is the occurrence of different color patterns, which has motivated a rich body of ecological and genetic research [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The occurrence of dark, i.e., melanic, forms displaying discrete color patterns is found across multiple taxa, but the underlying genomic basis remains poorly characterized. In numerous ladybird species (Coccinellidae), the spatial arrangement of black and red patches on adult elytra varies wildly within species, forming strikingly different complex color patterns [7, 8]. In the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, more than 200 distinct color forms have been described, which classic genetic studies suggest result from allelic variation at a single, unknown, locus [9, 10]. Here, we combined whole-genome sequencing, population-based genome-wide association studies, gene expression, and functional analyses to establish that the transcription factor Pannier controls melanic pattern polymorphism in H. axyridis. We show that pannier is necessary for the formation of melanic elements on the elytra. Allelic variation in pannier leads to protein expression in distinct domains on the elytra and thus determines the distinct color patterns in H. axyridis. Recombination between pannier alleles may be reduced by a highly divergent sequence of ∼170 kb in the cis-regulatory regions of pannier, with a 50 kb inversion between color forms. This most likely helps maintain the distinct alleles found in natural populations. Thus, we propose that highly variable discrete color forms can arise in natural populations through cis-regulatory allelic variation of a single gene.

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Gender and Timing during Ontogeny Matter: Effects of a Temporary High Temperature on Survival, Body Size and Colouration in Harmonia axyridis

Michal Knapp, Oldřich Nedvěd (2013)

The ambient temperature experienced during development is a crucial factor affecting survival and adult phenotype in ectotherms. Moreover, the exact response of individuals to different temperature regimes is frequently sex-specific. This sex-specific response can result in varying levels of sexual dimorphism according to the experienced conditions. The majority of studies have investigated the effects of temperature on individuals reared under a constant temperature regime throughout their whole preimaginal development, whereas information on stage-dependent variation in temperature effects is scarce. Here we investigate how the stage at which elevated temperature is experienced influences survival, adult body size and colouration in the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis form succinea. The effects of timing of exposure to elevated temperature on the adult phenotype are assessed separately for males and females. Control individuals were reared at a constant temperature of 20°C. Beetles in other treatments were additionally exposed to 33°C for 48 hours during the following developmental stages: egg, 1st to 2nd larval instar, 3rd larval instar, 4th larval instar and pupa. Exposure to an elevated temperature during the early developmental stages resulted in lower survival, but the adult phenotype of survivors was almost unaffected. Exposure to an elevated temperature during the later developmental stages (4th larval instar or pupa) resulted in the decreased melanisation of elytra, decreased structural body size and increased dry mass. Furthermore, the timing of high temperature exposure affected the degree of sexual dimorphism in elytral melanisation and dry mass. We demonstrate that the effects of elevated temperature can vary according to the developmental stage at exposure. Detailed information on how ambient temperature affects the developmental biology of ectotherms is crucial for modeling population growth and predicting the spread of invasive species such as Harmonia axyridis.

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A Simple Method for In-Field Sex Determination of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle Harmonia axyridis

B. McCornack, R. Koch, D. Ragsdale (2007)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), has become a popular study organism due to its promise as a biological control agent and its potential adverse, non-target impacts. Behavioral and ecological research on H. axyridis, including examinations of its impacts, could benefit from non-destructive or non-disruptive sexing techniques for this coccinellid. External morphological characters were evaluated for H. axyridis (succinea color form) sex determination in laboratory and field studies. The shape of the distal margin of the fifth visible abdominal sternite accurately predicted H. axyridis sex for all beetles examined. Males consistently had a concave distal margin, while females had a convex distal margin. In addition, pigmentation of the labrum and prosternum were both significantly associated with H. axyridis sex; males had light pigmentation and females had dark pigmentation. Labrum and prosternum pigmentation increased from light to dark with decreasing rearing temperature and increasing time after adult eclosion for females. Male pigmentation was only affected by a decrease in rearing temperature. Validation through in-field collections indicated that these predictors were accurate. However, labrum pigmentation is a more desirable character to use to determine sex, because it is more accurate and easily accessible. Therefore, we recommend using labrum pigmentation for in-field sex determination of H. axyridis. Implications of this diagnostic technique for applied and basic research on this natural enemy are discussed.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): rche

Title: Revista chilena de entomología

Abbreviated Title: Rev. chil. entomol.

Publisher: Sociedad Chilena de Entomología (Santiago, , Chile )

ISSN (Print): 0034-740X

ISSN (Electronic): 0718-8994

Publication date (Print and electronic): March 2020

Volume: 46

Issue: 1

Pages: 5-14

Affiliations

[1] Arequipa orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa orgdiv1Facultad de Agronomía Perú

Article

Publisher ID: S0718-89942020000100005 Publisher ID: S0718-8994(20)04600100005

DOI: 10.35249/rche.46.1.20.01

SO-VID: 89ab3e57-fe5b-48d3-bccf-647ec44d4d20

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 18 October 2019

Date accepted : 07 January 2020

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 10

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Polimorfismo y dimorfismo sexual de Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en la Región Arequipa, Perú Translated title: Polymorphism and sexual dimorphism of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Arequipa Region, Peru

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Most cited references 15

The Genomic Basis of Color Pattern Polymorphism in the Harlequin Ladybird

Gender and Timing during Ontogeny Matter: Effects of a Temporary High Temperature on Survival, Body Size and Colouration in Harmonia axyridis

A Simple Method for In-Field Sex Determination of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle Harmonia axyridis

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