Global patent statistical analysis for drug testing technology

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

In recent decades, illicit drug testing has become a high priority area in law enforcement and forensic analysis.

OBJECTIVE:

Since patents are the largest source of technical information in the world, patent database analysis for illicit drug testing is extremely important to effectively promote the development and protection of the related intellectual property rights.

METHODS:

In the present study, we first retrieve a database of 1732 drug detection patents using keywords and logical expressions related to the title, abstract, and claims, and subsequently discuss the current global patent statistics in detail.

RESULTS:

The relevant patent information is presented, including patent application quantity, filing country, ownership, and technical field.

CONCLUSIONS:

Finally, we summarize the current development trend in drug testing and propose several suggestions focused on the bottleneck of analytical techniques.

Related collections

Most cited references 11

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A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions.

Erin Kelly, Shane Darke, Joanne Ross (2004)

The existing literature on the prevalence of drug driving, the effects of drugs on driving performance, risk factors and risk perceptions associated with drug driving was reviewed. The 12-month prevalence of drug driving among the general population is approximately 4%. Drugs are detected commonly among those involved in motor vehicle accidents, with studies reporting up to 25% of accident-involved drivers positive for drugs. Cannabis is generally the most common drug detected in accident-involved drivers, followed by benzodiazepines, cocaine, amphetamines and opioids. Polydrug use is common among accident-involved drivers. Studies of impairment indicate an undeniable association between alcohol and driving impairment. There is also evidence that cannabis and benzodiazepines increase accident risk. The most equivocal evidence surrounds opioids and stimulants. It is apparent that drugs in combination with alcohol, and multiple drugs, present an even greater risk. Demographically, young males are over-represented among drug drivers. Although there is an association between alcohol use problems and drink driving, it is unclear whether such an association exists between drug use problems and drug driving. Evidence surrounding psychosocial factors and driving behaviour is also equivocal at this stage. While most drivers perceive drug driving to be dangerous and unacceptable, there is less concern about impaired driving among drug drivers and drink drivers than from those who have not engaged in impaired driving. Risk perceptions differ according to drug type, with certain drugs (e.g. cannabis) seen as producing less impairment than others (e.g. alcohol). It is concluded that drug driving is a significant problem, both in terms of a general public health issue and as a specific concern for drug users.

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Article: not found

Review: Pharmacokinetics of illicit drugs in oral fluid.

Olaf H Drummer (2005)

This article reviews studies that have measured drug concentrations in oral fluid following controlled dosing regimens. A total of 23 studies have been identified over the last 15 years. These show that the amphetamines including designer amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis and cocaine are quickly found in oral fluid following dosing and usually have similar time-courses to that in plasma. Following common doses peak oral fluid concentrations exceed 0.1 microg/mL and often even 1 microg/mL. The drug concentration will depend on whether a dilution step occurs with buffer as part of the sampling procedure. The uses of collectors that stimulate oral fluid usually reduce the drug concentration compared to a non-stimulated manner. This reduction will not disadvantage the recipient since it will potentially reduce the detectability of drug in oral fluid compared to non-stimulated collections. Only one recent study has been reported for a benzodiazepine. This showed nanogram per milliliter concentrations for flunitrazepam. More studies are required for benzodiazepines and indeed for other drugs, particularly in multiple drug situations and where disease may affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs.

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Drug driving among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia: prevalence, risk factors and risk perceptions.

Erin Kelly, Joanne Ross, Shane Darke (2004)

To examine the prevalence of drug driving, the prevalence of drug-related motor vehicle accidents, risk perceptions of drug driving and factors associated with drug driving among injecting drug users (IDU). Cross-sectional survey. Sydney, Australia. Three hundred current IDU. Ninety-five per cent had driven a vehicle, 74% in the previous 12 months ('current drivers'). Eighty-seven per cent of life-time drivers reported having drug driven, and 88% of current drivers had drug driven in the previous 12 months. There were no significant sex differences in life-time or recent drug driving. The most common drugs used before driving in the preceding year were: cannabis, heroin, amphetamines and cocaine. A third of life-time drivers reported having had a drug driving accident, with males more likely to have done so, and 9% of current drivers reported a drug driving accident in the previous year. The most common drugs that had been used before the most recent drug driving accident were heroin, cannabis and alcohol. Alcohol was perceived to be the most dangerous substance for driving performance and cannabis the least dangerous. Recent drug drivers perceived drug driving to be less dangerous than non-drug drivers. Recent drug drivers had driven more frequently over the preceding 12 months, had significantly higher levels of dependence, higher frequency of drug use, more extensive polydrug use and were more likely to have used and/or injected a drug in a car in the previous 12 months. Drug driving and drug-related accidents are large-scale public health problems among IDU. These behaviours pose serious risks to IDU themselves and to the broader community.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Technol Health Care

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Technol Health Care

Journal ID (publisher-id): THC

Title: Technology and Health Care

Publisher: IOS Press (Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam, The Netherlands )

ISSN (Print): 0928-7329

ISSN (Electronic): 1878-7401

Publication date (Electronic, preprint): 13 February 2021

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 25 March 2021

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2021

Volume: 29

Issue: Suppl 1

Pages: 415-425

Affiliations

[a ]Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law , Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China

[b ]Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing, China

[c ]Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security , Beijing, China

Author notes

[1]

Ling Wang and Xu Zhi contribute equally to this paper.

[* ]Corresponding author: Hongxia Hao, Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100088, China. Tel.: +86 10 62927492; Fax: +86 10 62926589; E-mail: hongxiah@ 123456cupl.edu.cn .

Article

Publisher ID: THC218039

DOI: 10.3233/THC-218039

PMC ID: 8150499

PubMed ID: 33682778

SO-VID: 8a9654c8-594d-4dfe-872b-8fab1da042fe

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Global patent statistical analysis for drug testing technology

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Related collections

Core Readings in Statistical Mediation Analysis

Most cited references 11

A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions.

Review: Pharmacokinetics of illicit drugs in oral fluid.

Drug driving among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia: prevalence, risk factors and risk perceptions.

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