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Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2019 Update
Scott E. McIntosh ,
Luanne Freer ,
Colin K. Grissom ,
Paul S. Auerbach ,
George W. Rodway ,
Amalia Cochran ,
Gordon G. Giesbrecht ,
Marion McDevitt ,
Christopher H. Imray ,
Eric L. Johnson ,
Prativa Pandey ,
Jennifer Dow ,
Peter H. Hackett
July 2019
July 2019
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Abstract
The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based
guidelines for prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent
pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic
management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management.
These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence
and balance between the benefits and risks or burdens for each modality according
to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an
updated version of the guidelines published in 2014.