A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins

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Abstract

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.

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Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants.

Carol MacKintosh, Kenneth A. Beattie, Susanne Klumpp … (1990)

The cyclic heptapeptide, microcystin-LR, inhibits protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) with Ki values below 0.1 nM. Protein phosphatase 2B is inhibited 1000-fold less potently, while six other phosphatases and eight protein kinases tested are unaffected. These results are strikingly similar to those obtained with the tumour promoter okadaic acid. We establish that okadaic acid prevents the binding of microcystin-LR to PP2A, and that protein inhibitors 1 and 2 prevent the binding of microcystin-LR to PP1. We discuss the possibility that inhibition of PP1 and PP2A accounts for the extreme toxicity of microcystin-LR, and indicate its potential value in the detection and analysis of protein kinases and phosphatases.

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Advances and challenges in biosensor-based diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Maria P. Wong, Mandy L Y Sin, Megan Mach … (2014)

Rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and timely initiation of appropriate treatment are critical determinants that promote optimal clinical outcomes and general public health. Conventional in vitro diagnostics for infectious diseases are time-consuming and require centralized laboratories, experienced personnel and bulky equipment. Recent advances in biosensor technologies have potential to deliver point-of-care diagnostics that match or surpass conventional standards in regards to time, accuracy and cost. Broadly classified as either label-free or labeled, modern biosensors exploit micro- and nanofabrication technologies and diverse sensing strategies including optical, electrical and mechanical transducers. Despite clinical need, translation of biosensors from research laboratories to clinical applications has remained limited to a few notable examples, such as the glucose sensor. Challenges to be overcome include sample preparation, matrix effects and system integration. We review the advances of biosensors for infectious disease diagnostics and discuss the critical challenges that need to be overcome in order to implement integrated diagnostic biosensors in real world settings.

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Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation.

Franca Buratti, Maura Manganelli, Susanna Vichi … (2017)

Cyanobacteria were present on the earth 3.5 billion years ago; since then they have colonized almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They produce a high number of bioactive molecules, among which some are cyanotoxins. Cyanobacterial growth at high densities, forming blooms, is increasing in extension and frequency, following anthropogenic activities and climate changes, giving rise to some concern for human health and animal life exposed to cyanotoxins. Numerous cases of lethal poisonings have been associated with cyanotoxins ingestion in wild animal and livestock. In humans few episodes of lethal or severe human poisonings have been recorded after acute or short-term exposure, but the repeated/chronic exposure to low cyanotoxin levels remains a critical issue. The properties of the most frequently detected cyanotoxins (namely, microcystins, nodularins, cylindrospermopsin and neurotoxins) are here critically reviewed, describing for each toxin the available information on producing organisms, biosynthesis/genetic and occurrence, with a focus on the toxicological profile (including kinetics, acute systemic toxicity, mechanism and mode of action, local effects, repeated toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity; human health effects and epidemiological studies; animal poisoning) with the derivation of health-based values and considerations on the risks for human health.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Toxins (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Toxins (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): toxins

Title: Toxins

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6651

Publication date (Electronic): 04 October 2020

Publication date Collection: October 2020

Volume: 12

Issue: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 641

Affiliations

[1 ]Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; mriymassey@ 123456csu.edu.cn (I.Y.M.); wupian@ 123456csu.edu.com (P.W.); wjcindy@ 123456csu.edu.cn (J.W.); guojianph@ 123456csu.edu.cn (J.L.); pingshui@ 123456csu.edu.cn (P.D.)

[2 ]Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China

[3 ]School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: why1987@ 123456ntu.edu.cn (H.W.); phfyang@ 123456csu.edu.cn (F.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-84805460 (F.Y.)

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Fei Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5687-0556

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Publisher ID: toxins-12-00641

DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100641

PMC ID: 7601875

PubMed ID: 33020400

SO-VID: 8c5f7527-1864-4bdc-b95a-4391ab63dd82

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins

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Network and Systems Medicine

Most cited references 163

Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants.

Advances and challenges in biosensor-based diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation.

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