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      Extended difficulties following the use of psychedelic drugs: A mixed methods study

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          Abstract

          Long-term adverse experiences following psychedelic use can persist for weeks, months, or even years, and are relatively unexplored in psychedelic research. Our convergent mixed-method study gained quantitative and qualitative data from 608 participants who reported extended difficulties following psychedelic experiences. Data was gathered on the context of use, the nature and duration of the challenges they experienced (including a written description of these), plus a range of possible risk factors and perceived causes. The most common forms of extended difficulty were feelings of anxiety and fear, existential struggle, social disconnection, depersonalization and derealization. For approximately one-third of the participants, problems persisted for over a year, and for a sixth, they endured for more than three years. It was found that a shorter duration of difficulties was predicted by knowledge of dose, drug type and lower levels of difficulty reported during the psychoactive experience, while a narrower range of difficulties was predicted by taking the drug in a guided setting. Implications for psychedelic harm reduction are discussed.

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

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            Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial

            Background: Clinically significant anxiety and depression are common in patients with cancer, and are associated with poor psychiatric and medical outcomes. Historical and recent research suggests a role for psilocybin to treat cancer-related anxiety and depression. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 29 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression were randomly assigned and received treatment with single-dose psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) or niacin, both in conjunction with psychotherapy. The primary outcomes were anxiety and depression assessed between groups prior to the crossover at 7 weeks. Results: Prior to the crossover, psilocybin produced immediate, substantial, and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression and led to decreases in cancer-related demoralization and hopelessness, improved spiritual wellbeing, and increased quality of life. At the 6.5-month follow-up, psilocybin was associated with enduring anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects (approximately 60–80% of participants continued with clinically significant reductions in depression or anxiety), sustained benefits in existential distress and quality of life, as well as improved attitudes towards death. The psilocybin-induced mystical experience mediated the therapeutic effect of psilocybin on anxiety and depression. Conclusions: In conjunction with psychotherapy, single moderate-dose psilocybin produced rapid, robust and enduring anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects in patients with cancer-related psychological distress. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00957359
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              Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research

              Combining the latest thinking in the field with practical, step-by-step guidance, the Third Edition of John W. Creswell and Vicki L. Plano Clark’s Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research now covers seven mixed methods designs with accompanying journal articles illustrating each design. The authors walk readers through the entire research process, and present updated examples from published mixed methods studies drawn from multiple disciplines. In addition, this new edition includes information about the dynamic and evolving nature of the field of mixed methods research, four additional methodological approaches, and coverage of new directions in mixed methods.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 October 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 10
                : e0293349
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centre for the History of Emotions, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ] School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
                [3 ] Psychology Department, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, London, United Kingdom
                [5 ] Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University of College London, London, United Kingdom
                [6 ] Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
                [7 ] Researcher, Perception Restoration Foundation, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
                University of Brescia: Universita degli Studi di Brescia, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-2223
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-1099
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-2453
                Article
                PONE-D-23-21670
                10.1371/journal.pone.0293349
                10597511
                37874826
                8ccc0d96-d669-4d94-a86f-995210003a5d
                © 2023 Evans et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 July 2023
                : 11 October 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: Emergence Benefactors
                Award ID: 011B
                Award Recipient :
                This research was funded by Emergence Benefactors, a 501c charity based in the USA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Fear
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Fear
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pharmaceutics
                Dose Prediction Methods
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Surveys
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Hallucinations
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Hallucinations
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Hallucinations
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Hallucinations
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