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Neuroendocrine rhythms
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Abstract
Hormones are secreted with circhoral, circadian and seasonal periodicities. Circhoral
pulsatility is a temporal code, many chronic and acute changes in neuroendocrine status
being mediated by changes in the frequency of circhoral release. The identity of the
neuronal circuits controlling circhoral release is not known. Circadian release of
hormones occurs with a precise temporal order entrained to the light-dark cycle, synchronized
to the activity/rest rhythm and generated by circadian oscillators, of which the suprachiasmatic
nuclei are the most important. Seasonal rhythms are driven either by an endogenous
circannual clock mechanism or by a process of photoperiodic time measurement which
is dependent upon the duration of the nocturnal peak of the pineal hormone melatonin.