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      Puberté et sports de compétition chez l’adolescente

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          Abstract

          Ces dernières décennies, la participation croissante de jeunes enfants à un entraînement physique intensif a été à l’origine de préoccupations quant aux effets potentiels de cette situation sur la croissance et la maturation. La puberté se caractérise chez l’être humain par d’importantes modifications hormonales responsables de la maturation physique et sexuelle. Un entraînement intensif avant la puberté, ainsi que les effets métaboliques potentiels du régime alimentaire adopté, peuvent altérer la fonction hypothalamo-hypophysaire, et le moment auquel l’entraînement athlétique débute a été impliqué à titre de facteur de retard de la ménarche et de la maturation sexuelle chez les sportives. D’autre part, certaines études ont suggéré qu’un retard de la ménarche est probablement dû à des facteurs génétiques. Les jeunes filles qui sont matures plus tardivement sélectionnent souvent elles-mêmes des sports qui favorisent une petite taille ou une grande minceur, ou sont recrutées par les entraîneurs pour ceux-ci. La composition corporelle a été également utilisée afin d’expliquer simultanément le retard de la ménarche et les irrégularités menstruelles observées chez les sportives de haut niveau. Une prévalence plus élevée des dysfonctions menstruelles a été décrite chez des adolescentes pratiquant des sports dépendant du poids, comparativement à celle observée avec d’autres activités sportives. Toutefois, comme récemment suggéré, il n’existe aucune relation directe de cause à effet entre la corpulence et la reproduction et, de fait, c’est la disponibilité de l’énergie, et non les tissus adipeux, qui régule la fonction reproductive chez la femme. Des recherches supplémentaires sont justifiées afin de mieux explorer cette interaction entre les modifications à court terme de la disponibilité de l’énergie et l’aménorrhée due au sport chez l’adolescente. Nous concluons que, en raison des nombreux facteurs influençant de façon avérée la ménarche et la menstruation, le rôle du seul entraînement physique à titre de facteur causal d’un retard pubertaire et d’irrégularités menstruelles chez les jeunes femmes sportives est encore mal défini. Des recherches comportant des études longitudinales sont nécessaires afin de déterminer si les différences de maturité observées entre des jeunes femmes sportives ou non résultent de la nature ou de la nutrition, et quel est l’équilibre entre ces deux facteurs.

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          Most cited references31

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          Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset.

          Weight loss causes loss of menstrual function (amenorrhea) and weight gain restores menstrual cycles. A minimal weight for height necessary for the onset of or the restoration of menstrual cycles in cases of primary or secondary amenorrhea due to undernutrition is indicated by an index of fatness of normal girls at menarche and at age 18 years, respectively. Amenorrheic patients of ages 16 years and over resume menstrual cycles after weight gain at a heavier weight for a particular height than is found at menarche. Girls become relatively and absolutely fatter from menarche to age 18 years. The data suggest that a minimum level of stored, easily mobilized energy is necessary for ovulation and menstrual cycles in the human female.
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            Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts.

            Exercise during growth may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis by increasing peak bone mineral density (BMD). However, exercise during puberty may be associated with primary amenorrhea and low peak BMD, while exercise after puberty may be associated with secondary amenorrhea and bone loss. As growth before puberty is relatively sex hormone independent, are the prepubertal years the time during which exercise results in higher BMD? Are any benefits retained in adulthood? We measured areal BMD (g/cm2) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 45 active prepubertal female gymnasts aged 10.4 +/- 0.3 years (mean +/- SEM), 36 retired female gymnasts aged 25.0 +/- 0.9 years, and 50 controls. The results were expressed as a standardized deviation (SD) or Z score adjusted for bone age in prepubertal gymnasts and chronological age in retired gymnasts. In the cross-sectional analyses, areal BMD in the active prepubertal gymnasts was 0.7-1.9 SD higher at the weight-bearing sites than the predicted mean in controls (p < 0.01). The Z scores increased as the duration of training increased (r = 0.32-0.48, p ranging between <0.04 and <0.002). During 12 months, the increase in areal BMD (g/cm2/year) of the total body, spine, and legs in the active prepubertal gymnasts was 30-85% greater than in prepubertal controls (all p < 0.05). In the retired gymnasts, the areal BMD was 0.5-1.5 SD higher than the predicted mean in controls at all sites, except the skull (p ranging between <0.06 and <0.0001). There was no diminution across the 20 years since retirement (mean 8 +/- 1 years), despite the lower frequency and intensity of exercise. The prepubertal years are likely to be an opportune time for exercise to increase bone density. As residual benefits are maintained into adulthood, exercise before puberty may reduce fracture risk after menopause.
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              Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes.

              This study was designed to determine whether the hypoestrogenic status of 14 amenorrheic athletes was associated with a decrease in regional bone mass relative to that of 14 of their eumenorrheic peers. The two groups of athletes were matched for age, height, weight, sport, and training regimens. Bone mass was measured by dual-photon and single-photon absorptiometry at the lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L4) and at two sites on the radius. Vertebral mineral density was significantly lower in the amenorrheic group (mean, 1.12 g per square centimeter) than in the eumenorrheic group (mean, 1.30 g per square centimeter). There was no significant difference at either radial site. Radioimmunoassay confirmed a lower mean estradiol concentration (amenorrheic group, 38.58 pg per milliliter; eumenorrheic group, 106.99 pg per milliliter) and progesterone peak (amenorrheic group, 1.25 ng per milliliter; eumenorrheic group, 12.75 ng per milliliter) in the amenorrheic women, in four venous samples drawn at seven-day intervals. A three-day dietary history showed no significant differences in nutritional intake, including calcium with and without supplements. The two groups were similar in percentage of body fat, age at menarche, years of athletic participation, and frequency and duration of training but differed in number of miles run per week (amenorrheic group, 41.8 miles [67.3 km]; eumenorrheic group, 24.9 miles [40.1 km]). We conclude that the amenorrhea that is observed in female athletes may be accompanied by a decrease in mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ANF
                10.1159/issn.0250-9644
                Annales Nestlé (Ed. française)
                S. Karger AG
                978-3-8055-8222-3
                978-3-318-01431-0
                0250-9644
                1661-3732
                2006
                November 2006
                22 November 2006
                : 64
                : 2
                : 85-94
                Affiliations
                Département d’Education Physique et de Kinésiologie, Université Brock, Sainte Catherine, Canada
                Article
                95891 Ann Nestlé [Fra] 2006;64:85–94
                10.1159/000095891
                8d737807-431b-4980-ad03-203618627e1d
                © 2006 Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, References: 61, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Paper

                Nutrition & Dietetics,Health & Social care,Public health
                Aménorrhée de la sportive,Fonction reproductrice,Développement hormonal,Menstruations,Sportives, entraînement/croissance/maturation,Composition corporelle,Restriction diététique

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