Effects of Ethanol Extracts from  Grateloupia elliptica , a Red Seaweed, and Its Chlorophyll Derivative on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: Suppression of Lipid Accumulation through Downregulation of Adipogenic Protein Expression

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Abstract

Grateloupia elliptica ( G. elliptica) is a red seaweed with antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities. However, the anti-obesity activity of G. elliptica has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the effect of G. elliptica ethanol extract on the suppression of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells by Oil Red O staining (ORO) was evaluated. Among the eight red seaweeds tested, G. elliptica 60% ethanol extract (GEE) exhibited the highest inhibition of lipid accumulation. GEE was the only extract to successfully suppress lipid accumulation among ethanol extracts from eight red seaweeds. In this study, we successfully isolated chlorophyll derivative (CD) from the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) of GEE by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaluated their inhibitory effect on intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CD significantly suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation. In addition, CD suppressed adipogenic protein expression such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Taken together, our results indicate that CD from GEE inhibits lipid accumulation by suppressing adipogenesis via the downregulation of adipogenic protein expressions in the differentiated adipocytes. Therefore, chlorophyll from G. elliptica has a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and it could be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing obesity.

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Combined analysis of oligonucleotide microarray data from transgenic and knockout mice identifies direct SREBP target genes.

Jay Horton, Nila A Shah, Janet A Warrington … (2003)

The synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, the building blocks of membranes, is regulated by three membrane-bound transcription factors: sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP)-1a, -1c, and -2. Their function in liver has been characterized in transgenic mice that overexpress each SREBP isoform and in mice that lack all three nuclear SREBPs as a result of gene knockout of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), a protein required for nuclear localization of SREBPs. Here, we use oligonucleotide arrays hybridized with RNA from livers of three lines of mice (transgenic for SREBP-1a, transgenic for SREBP-2, and knockout for SCAP) to identify genes that are likely to be direct targets of SREBPs in liver. A total of 1,003 genes showed statistically significant increased expression in livers of transgenic SREBP-1a mice, 505 increased in livers of transgenic SREBP-2 mice, and 343 showed decreased expression in Scap-/- livers. A subset of 33 genes met the stringent combinatorial criteria of induction in both SREBP transgenics and decreased expression in SCAP-deficient mice. Of these 33 genes, 13 were previously identified as direct targets of SREBP action. Of the remaining 20 genes, 13 encode enzymes or carrier proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism, 3 participate in fatty acid metabolism, and 4 have no known connection to lipid metabolism. Through application of stringent combinatorial criteria, the transgenic/knockout approach allows identification of genes whose activities are likely to be controlled directly by one family of transcription factors, in this case the SREBPs.

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Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Measurement and Characterization by UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Hartmut Lichtenthaler, Claus Buschmann (2001)

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The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic

Lindsay M. Jaacks, Stefanie Vandevijvere, An Lian Pan … (2019)

Our aim was to consolidate the evidence on the epidemiology of obesity into a conceptual model of the ‘obesity transition’. Illustrative examples from the thirty most populous countries, representing 77·5% of the world’s population, were used. Stage 1 of the obesity transition is characterised by a higher prevalence in women compared to men, in those with higher compared to lower socioeconomic status, and adults compared to children. Many countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are at this stage. In Stage 2, there is a large increase in the prevalence among adults, a smaller increase among children, and a narrowing of the gender gap and socioeconomic differences among women. Many Latin American and Middle Eastern countries are at this stage. High-income East Asian countries are also at this stage, albeit with a much lower prevalence of obesity. Stage 3 occurs when the prevalence of obesity among those with lower socioeconomic status surpasses that among those with higher socioeconomic status and plateaus in obesity may be observed among women with high socioeconomic status and children. Most European countries are currently at this stage. There are too few signs of countries entering into the proposed final stage of declining obesity prevalence to determine demographic patterns. This conceptual model is intended to provide guidance to researchers and policymakers in identifying the current stage of the obesity transition in a population, anticipate sub-populations that will experience obesity in the future, and enact proactive measures to attenuate the transition, taking into consideration local contextual factors.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Bill J. Baker: Role: Academic Editor

Graciliana Lopes: Role: Academic Editor

Herminia Dominguez: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Drugs

Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs

Title: Marine Drugs

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397

Publication date (Electronic): 04 February 2021

Publication date Collection: February 2021

Volume: 19

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: 91

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; hyogeunlee92@ 123456gmail.com (H.-G.L.); luyuan@ 123456jejunu.ac.kr (Y.-A.L.); wpwnsrjs@ 123456naver.com (J.-G.J.); tuduwaka@ 123456gmail.com (T.U.J.)

[2 ]Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea; mckang@ 123456kfri.re.kr

[3 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; seunghong0815@ 123456gmail.com

[4 ]Naturetech Co., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon 27858, Korea; taehee0317@ 123456naver.com

[5 ]National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 75, Jangsan-ro 101-gil, Janghang-eup, Seocheon 33362, Korea; daesung@ 123456mabik.re.kr (D.-S.L.); lshjm@ 123456mabik.re.kr (J.-M.L.); mjyim@ 123456mabik.re.kr (M.-J.Y.)

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: gustn783@ 123456mabik.re.kr (H.-S.K.); youjin2014@ 123456gmail.com (Y.-J.J.); Tel.: +82-10-8635-6436 (H.-S.K.); +82-10-4572-3624 (Y.-J.J.); Fax: +82-64-756-3493 (Y.-J.J.)

[†]

These authors contribute equally in this work.

Author information

Thilina U. Jayawardena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-8282

Seung-Hong Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-8718

Dae-Sung Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0627-1402

You-Jin Jeon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-7266

Article

Publisher ID: marinedrugs-19-00091

DOI: 10.3390/md19020091

PMC ID: 7916037

PubMed ID: 33557339

SO-VID: 8f4ee070-991c-4975-a78b-736ff8855ed5

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Grateloupia elliptica, a Red Seaweed, and Its Chlorophyll Derivative on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: Suppression of Lipid Accumulation through Downregulation of Adipogenic Protein Expression

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Most cited references 76

Combined analysis of oligonucleotide microarray data from transgenic and knockout mice identifies direct SREBP target genes.

Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Measurement and Characterization by UV-VIS Spectroscopy

The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic

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