Exosome-Based Smart Drug Delivery Tool for Cancer Theranostics

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Abstract

Exosomes are the phospholipid-membrane-bound subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. The main activity of exosomes is cellular communication. In cancer, exosomes play an important rolefrom two distinct perspectives, one related to carcinogenesis and the other as theragnostic and drug delivery tools. The outer phospholipid membrane of Exosome improves drug targeting efficiency. . Some of the vital features of exosomes such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity make it a more exciting drug delivery system. Exosome-based drug delivery is a new innovative approach to cancer treatment. Exosome-associated biomarker analysis heralded a new era of cancer diagnostics in a more specific way. This Review focuses on exosome biogenesis, sources, isolation, interrelationship with cancer and exosome-related cancer biomarkers, drug loading methods, exosome-based biomolecule delivery, advances and limitations of exosome-based drug delivery, and exosome-based drug delivery in clinical settings studies. The exosome-based understanding of cancer will change the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the future.

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Most cited references 158

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Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

Hadi Valadi, Karin Ekström, Apostolos Bossios … (2007)

Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell. In vitro translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA" (esRNA).

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Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends

Graça Raposo, Willem Stoorvogel (2013)

Cells release into the extracellular environment diverse types of membrane vesicles of endosomal and plasma membrane origin called exosomes and microvesicles, respectively. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mode of intercellular communication by serving as vehicles for transfer between cells of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNA. Deficiencies in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms for EV formation and lack of methods to interfere with the packaging of cargo or with vesicle release, however, still hamper identification of their physiological relevance in vivo. In this review, we focus on the characterization of EVs and on currently proposed mechanisms for their formation, targeting, and function.

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Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Peter Alfons Schmid, Sylvia Adams, Hope Rugo … (2018)

Unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative (hormone-receptor-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-negative) breast cancer is an aggressive disease with poor outcomes. Nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel may enhance the anticancer activity of atezolizumab.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): ACS Biomater Sci Eng

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ACS Biomater Sci Eng

Journal ID (publisher-id): ab

Journal ID (coden): abseba

Title: ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

Publisher: American Chemical Society

ISSN (Electronic): 2373-9878

Publication date (Electronic): 09 January 2023

Publication date Collection: 13 February 2023

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Pages: 577-594

Affiliations

[† ]Department of Medical Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute , Howrah, West Bengal 711202, India

[‡ ]Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology , Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India

[§ ]Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kochi, Kerala 682041, India

[∥ ]Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) , Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India

[⊥ ]Rush University Medical Center , 1620 W Harrison St, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States

[# ]Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University , Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India

[g ]Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation , https://www.ngcef.net/

[h ]Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital , Raiganj, West Bengal 733134, India

[i ]Department of Microbiology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies , Pallavaram, Chennai 600117, Tamilnadu, India

[j ]Jawaharlal Nehru Medical college , Wardha, Maharashtra 442001, India

[k ]Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University , Guwahati, Assam 781014, India

[l ]Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State , Bloemfontein, Free State 9300, South Africa

[m ]Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Division of Medical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom

[n ]Department of Physics, Bernal Institute and Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC) University of Limerick , Castletroy, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland

Author notes

[* ]Email: thoratnd@ 123456gmail.com , nanasaheb.thorat@ 123456wrh.ox.ac.uk .

Author information

Nanasaheb D. Thorat https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-527X

Article

DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01329

PMC ID: 9930096

PubMed ID: 36621949

SO-VID: 9068d223-ef8b-418b-913c-c61ce815e353

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Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 05 November 2022

Date accepted : 19 December 2022

Funding

Funded by: Science Foundation Ireland, doi 10.13039/501100001602;

Award ID: 21/PATH-S/9634

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document-id-old-9 ab2c01329

document-id-new-14 ab2c01329

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Keywords: eexosomes,cancer,drug loading methods,drug delivery,cancer biomarker

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Keywords: eexosomes, cancer, drug loading methods, drug delivery, cancer biomarker

Exosome-Based Smart Drug Delivery Tool for Cancer Theranostics

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RNA drug delivery

Most cited references 158

Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends

Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

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