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      Quantifying the triboelectric series

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          Abstract

          Triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon that commonly occurs in nature and in our lives at any time and any place. Although each and every material exhibits triboelectrification, its quantification has not been standardized. A triboelectric series has been qualitatively ranked with regards to triboelectric polarization. Here, we introduce a universal standard method to quantify the triboelectric series for a wide range of polymers, establishing quantitative triboelectrification as a fundamental materials property. By measuring the tested materials with a liquid metal in an environment under well-defined conditions, the proposed method standardizes the experimental set up for uniformly quantifying the surface triboelectrification of general materials. The normalized triboelectric charge density is derived to reveal the intrinsic character of polymers for gaining or losing electrons. This quantitative triboelectric series may serve as a textbook standard for implementing the application of triboelectrification for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.

          Abstract

          Triboelectric charging is a well-known phenomenon, but triboelectric polarization has only been ranked qualitatively. Here the authors develop a quantified triboelectric series for a wide range of polymers by measuring triboelectric charge density with respect to a liquid metal at well-defined conditions.

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          Most cited references25

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          Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films.

          Transparent, flexible and high efficient power sources are important components of organic electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this work, based on the principle of the previously demonstrated triboelectric generator, we demonstrate a new high-output, flexible and transparent nanogenerator by using transparent polymer materials. We have fabricated three types of regular and uniform polymer patterned arrays (line, cube, and pyramid) to improve the efficiency of the nanogenerator. The power generation of the pyramid-featured device far surpassed that exhibited by the unstructured films and gave an output voltage of up to 18 V at a current density of ∼0.13 μA/cm(2). Furthermore, the as-prepared nanogenerator can be applied as a self-powered pressure sensor for sensing a water droplet (8 mg, ∼3.6 Pa in contact pressure) and a falling feather (20 mg, ∼0.4 Pa in contact pressure) with a low-end detection limit of ∼13 mPa.
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            Toward the blue energy dream by triboelectric nanogenerator networks

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              Triboelectric-generator-driven pulse electrodeposition for micropatterning.

              By converting ambient energy into electricity, energy harvesting is capable of at least offsetting, or even replacing, the reliance of small portable electronics on traditional power supplies, such as batteries. Here we demonstrate a novel and simple generator with extremely low cost for efficiently harvesting mechanical energy that is typically present in the form of vibrations and random displacements/deformation. Owing to the coupling of contact charging and electrostatic induction, electric generation was achieved with a cycled process of contact and separation between two polymer films. A detailed theory is developed for understanding the proposed mechanism. The instantaneous electric power density reached as high as 31.2 mW/cm(3) at a maximum open circuit voltage of 110 V. Furthermore, the generator was successfully used without electric storage as a direct power source for pulse electrodeposition (PED) of micro/nanocrystalline silver structure. The cathodic current efficiency reached up to 86.6%. Not only does this work present a new type of generator that is featured by simple fabrication, large electric output, excellent robustness, and extremely low cost, but also extends the application of energy-harvesting technology to the field of electrochemistry with further utilizations including, but not limited to, pollutant degradation, corrosion protection, and water splitting.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                zhong.wang@mse.gatech.edu
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                29 March 2019
                29 March 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 1427
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4943, GRID grid.213917.f, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, ; Atlanta, GA 30332-0245 USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0599 1243, GRID grid.43169.39, Key Laboratory of Thermo−Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, , Xi’an Jiaotong University, ; 710049 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9030 231X, GRID grid.411510.0, School of Materials Science and Engineering, , China University of Mining and Technology, ; 221116 Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000000119573309, GRID grid.9227.e, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; 100083 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3927-8651
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-8446
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-0380
                Article
                9461
                10.1038/s41467-019-09461-x
                6441076
                30926850
                90a6942e-740f-4358-aa78-3054dc62ee90
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 15 October 2018
                : 8 March 2019
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