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      Public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives of communication specialists, healthcare professionals, and community members in Quebec, Canada

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Communication during a pandemic is key in ensuring adoption of preventive behaviours and limiting disease transmission. The aim of the study was to explore how communication specialists working in health and governmental institutions and healthcare professionals have communicated about COVID-19, and how different groups of the public have perceived official communications on COVID-19.

          Methods

          We conducted an exploratory qualitative study. Data were collected via individual semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model was used as a theoretical framework to guide data interpretation.

          Results

          We interviewed 6 communication specialists and 5 healthcare professionals. Three focus groups were held with 23 participants (8 young adults, 9 Quebecers of Asian ethnicity, and 6 Quebecers who suffered harshly from economic consequences of the pandemic and measures). Although daily press conferences were rapidly implemented in Quebec, participants highlighted several communication challenges, including accuracy and credibility of information in a context of uncertainties and rapidly evolving knowledge. Participants also identified paternalism, stigmatization of some communities, and issues with promoting action and mobilization of some subpopulations as communication challenges.

          Conclusion

          Our study showed that the six core CERC principles have not all been applied systematically in communication interventions in Quebec. Despite some limitations, messages about COVID-19 risk were clearly and consistently communicated and were generally well understood by most Quebecers.

          Résumé

          Objectifs

          La communication en temps de pandémie joue un rôle clé dans l’adoption des comportements préventifs et le contrôle de la transmission de la maladie. Cette étude visait à explorer comment les spécialistes de la communication travaillant dans les institutions gouvernementales et de santé et les professionnels de la santé ont communiqué sur la COVID-19 et comment les différents groupes du public ont perçu les communications officielles sur la COVID-19.

          Méthode

          Les données de cette étude qualitative exploratoire ont été recueillies à l’aide d’entretiens individuels semi-structurés et de groupes de discussion. Le modèle de la communication des risques en situation de crise et d’urgence (CERC) a été utilisé comme cadre théorique pour guider l’interprétation des données.

          Résultats

          Nous avons rencontré 6 experts en communication et 5 professionnels de la santé. Trois groupes de discussion ont eu lieu avec 23 participants (8 jeunes adultes, 9 Québécois d’origine asiatique et 6 Québécois ayant subi des conséquences financières importantes à cause de la pandémie et des mesures sanitaires). Bien que des conférences de presse quotidiennes aient été rapidement mises en place au Québec, les participants ont souligné plusieurs défis de communication, notamment en ce qui concerne l’exactitude et la crédibilité de l’information dans un contexte d’incertitudes et d’évolution rapide des connaissances. Les participants ont également identifié le paternalisme, la stigmatisation de certaines communautés et les problèmes de promotion de l’action et de mobilisation au sein de certaines sous-populations comme des défis de communication.

          Conclusion

          Notre étude a démontré que les six principes fondamentaux du CERC n’ont pas tous été appliqués systématiquement dans les interventions de communication au Québec. Malgré certaines limites, les messages sur le risque lié à la COVID-19 ont été communiqués de manière claire et cohérente et ont été généralement bien compris par la plupart des Québécois.

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          Most cited references20

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          Is Open Access

          COVID-19–Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis

          Abstract. Infodemics, often including rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories, have been common during the COVID-19 pandemic. Monitoring social media data has been identified as the best method for tracking rumors in real time and as a possible way to dispel misinformation and reduce stigma. However, the detection, assessment, and response to rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories in real time are a challenge. Therefore, we followed and examined COVID-19–related rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories circulating on online platforms, including fact-checking agency websites, Facebook, Twitter, and online newspapers, and their impacts on public health. Information was extracted between December 31, 2019 and April 5, 2020, and descriptively analyzed. We performed a content analysis of the news articles to compare and contrast data collected from other sources. We identified 2,311 reports of rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories in 25 languages from 87 countries. Claims were related to illness, transmission and mortality (24%), control measures (21%), treatment and cure (19%), cause of disease including the origin (15%), violence (1%), and miscellaneous (20%). Of the 2,276 reports for which text ratings were available, 1,856 claims were false (82%). Misinformation fueled by rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories can have potentially serious implications on the individual and community if prioritized over evidence-based guidelines. Health agencies must track misinformation associated with the COVID-19 in real time, and engage local communities and government stakeholders to debunk misinformation.
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            Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model.

            This article describes a model of communication known as crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC). The model is outlined as a merger of many traditional notions of health and risk communication with work in crisis and disaster communication. The specific kinds of communication activities that should be called for at various stages of disaster or crisis development are outlined. Although crises are by definition uncertain, equivocal, and often chaotic situations, the CERC model is presented as a tool health communicators can use to help manage these complex events.
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              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found

              Risk communication for public health emergencies.

              This review defines crisis risk communication, traces its origins to a number of applied fields, and then shows how basic principles have become incorporated into emergency preparedness and risk communication for public health. Literature from four different disciplines that inform crisis risk communications are reviewed. These are (a) environmental risk communication, (b) disaster management, (c) health promotion and communication, and (d) media and communication studies. Current curricula and training materials are briefly reviewed. Although this literature review suggests much progress has been made to incorporate and disseminate crisis risk communication principles into public health practice, and case studies suggest that public health workers have gained skills and experience, this emerging field still lacks in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of event-specific crisis risk communication efforts.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                eve.dube@inspq.qc.ca
                Journal
                Can J Public Health
                Can J Public Health
                Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0008-4263
                1920-7476
                21 September 2022
                : 1-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.434819.3, ISNI 0000 0000 8929 2775, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, ; Québec, Québec Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.23856.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, ; Québec, Québec Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-1510
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1196-3243
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-4215
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-4244
                Article
                697
                10.17269/s41997-022-00697-7
                9491262
                36131219
                93e29309-69be-4cc2-9795-2b362d278bee
                © The Author(s) under exclusive license to The Canadian Public Health Association 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 29 April 2022
                : 6 September 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
                Award ID: grant #420096
                Categories
                Special Issue on Sociocultural and Behavioural Factors Affecting Communities' Responses to Public Health Measures: Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Qualitative Research

                covid-19,public health,risk and crisis communication,qualitative research,canada,santé publique,communication des risques,recherche qualitative

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