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      Spatial distribution and predictors of lifetime experience of intimate partner violence among women in South Africa

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          Abstract

          In recent times, intimate partner has gained significant attention. However, there is limited evidence on the spatial distribution and predictors of intimate partner violence. Therefore, this study examined the spatial distribution and predictors of intimate partner violence in South Africa. The dataset for this study was obtained from a cross-sectional survey of the 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey. We adopted both spatial and multilevel analyses to show the distribution and predictors of intimate partner violence among 2,410 women of reproductive age who had ever experienced intimate partner violence in their lifetime in South Africa. The spatial distribution of intimate partner violence in South Africa ranged from 0 to 100 percent. Western Cape, Free State, and Eastern Cape were predicted areas that showed a high proportion of intimate partner violence in South Africa. The likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence among women in South Africa was high among those who were cohabiting [aOR = 1.41; 95%(CI = 1.10–1.81)] and women who were previously married [aOR = 2.09; 95%(CI = 1.30–3.36)], compared to women who were currently married. Women who lived in households with middle [aOR = 0.67; 95%(CI = 0.48–0.95)] and richest wealth index [aOR = 0.57; 95%(CI = 0.34–0.97)] were less likely to experience lifetime intimate partner violence compared to those of the poorest wealth index. The study concludes that there is a regional variation in the distribution of intimate partner violence in South Africa. A high prevalence of intimate partner violence was found among women who live in the Western Cape, Free State, and Eastern Cape. Furthermore, predictors such as women within the poorest wealth index, women who were cohabiting and those who were previously married should be considered in the development and implementation of interventions against intimate partner violence in South Africa.

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          The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.

          Erik von Elm, Douglas G. Altman, Matthias Egger … (2014)
          Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. 18 items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed Explanation and Elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies.
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            Toward an experimental ecology of human development.

            Urie Bronfenbrenner (1977)
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              Demographic and health surveys: a profile.

              Daniel J. Corsi, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn E Finlay … (2012)
              Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are comparable nationally representative household surveys that have been conducted in more than 85 countries worldwide since 1984. The DHS were initially designed to expand on demographic, fertility and family planning data collected in the World Fertility Surveys and Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys, and continue to provide an important resource for the monitoring of vital statistics and population health indicators in low- and middle-income countries. The DHS collect a wide range of objective and self-reported data with a strong focus on indicators of fertility, reproductive health, maternal and child health, mortality, nutrition and self-reported health behaviours among adults. Key advantages of the DHS include high response rates, national coverage, high quality interviewer training, standardized data collection procedures across countries and consistent content over time, allowing comparability across populations cross-sectionally and over time. Data from DHS facilitate epidemiological research focused on monitoring of prevalence, trends and inequalities. A variety of robust observational data analysis methods have been used, including cross-sectional designs, repeated cross-sectional designs, spatial and multilevel analyses, intra-household designs and cross-comparative analyses. In this profile, we present an overview of the DHS along with an introduction to the potential scope for these data in contributing to the field of micro- and macro-epidemiology. DHS datasets are available for researchers through MEASURE DHS at www.measuredhs.com.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9208-6408
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Zemenu Tadesse Tessema: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Joshua Okyere: Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Bright Opoku Ahinkorah: Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Abdul-Aziz Seidu: Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Lana Clara Chikhungu: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLOS Glob Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLOS Glob Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLOS Global Public Health
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2767-3375
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 January 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0000920
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
                [2 ] Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, University of Edinburgh, Hope Park Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
                [3 ] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
                [4 ] Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
                [5 ] Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
                [6 ] School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
                [7 ] Centre for Gender and Advocacy, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana
                [8 ] College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
                University of Portsmouth, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9208-6408
                Article
                Publisher ID: PGPH-D-22-00816
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000920
                PMC ID: 10021299
                PubMed ID: 36963006
                SO-VID: 94f58e84-4cf8-41eb-bc41-3506f9615ba5
                Copyright © © 2023 Bolarinwa et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 16 May 2022
                Date accepted : 9 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Intimate Partner Violence
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Intimate Partner Violence
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Criminology
                Subject: Crime
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Intimate Partner Violence
                Subject: People and places
                Subject: Geographical locations
                Subject: Africa
                Subject: South Africa
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Domestic Violence
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Domestic Violence
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Criminology
                Subject: Crime
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Domestic Violence
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Geoinformatics
                Subject: Spatial Autocorrelation
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geography
                Subject: Geoinformatics
                Subject: Spatial Autocorrelation
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Mathematics
                Subject: Numerical Analysis
                Subject: Interpolation
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Educational Attainment
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Ethnicities
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability The datasets utilized in this study can be accessed at https://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm.

                Data availability:

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