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      Forest Tree Associated Bacterial Diffusible and Volatile Organic Compounds against Various Phytopathogenic Fungi

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          Abstract

          Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can potentially be used as an alternative strategy to control plant diseases. In this study, strain ST–TJ4 isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a healthy poplar was found to have a strong antifungal activity against 11 phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture and forestry. Strain ST–TJ4 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences. The bacterium can produce siderophores, cellulase, and protease, and has genes involved in the synthesis of phenazine, 1–phenazinecarboxylic acid, pyrrolnitrin, and hydrogen cyanide. Additionally, the volatile compounds released by strain ST–TJ4 can inhibit the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi more than diffusible substances can. Based on volatile compound profiles of strain ST–TJ4 obtained from headspace collection and GC–MS/MS analysis, 1-undecene was identified. In summary, the results suggested that Pseudomonas sp. ST–TJ4 can be used as a biocontrol agent for various plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi.

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          Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol.

          Marc Ongena, Philippe Jacques (2008)
          In the context of biocontrol of plant diseases, the three families of Bacillus lipopeptides - surfactins, iturins and fengycins were at first mostly studied for their antagonistic activity for a wide range of potential phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Recent investigations have shed light on the fact that these lipopeptides can also influence the ecological fitness of the producing strain in terms of root colonization (and thereby persistence in the rhizosphere) and also have a key role in the beneficial interaction of Bacillus species with plants by stimulating host defence mechanisms. The different structural traits and physico-chemical properties of these effective surface- and membrane-active amphiphilic biomolecules explain their involvement in most of the mechanisms developed by bacteria for the biocontrol of different plant pathogens.
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            Bacillus velezensis FZB42 in 2018: The Gram-Positive Model Strain for Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol

            Ben Fan, Cong Wang, Xiaofeng Song … (2018)
            Bacillus velezensis FZB42, the model strain for Gram-positive plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol rhizobacteria, has been isolated in 1998 and sequenced in 2007. In order to celebrate these anniversaries, we summarize here the recent knowledge about FZB42. In last 20 years, more than 140 articles devoted to FZB42 have been published. At first, research was mainly focused on antimicrobial compounds, apparently responsible for biocontrol effects against plant pathogens, recent research is increasingly directed to expression of genes involved in bacteria–plant interaction, regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs), and on modification of enzymes involved in synthesis of antimicrobial compounds by processes such as acetylation and malonylation. Till now, 13 gene clusters involved in non-ribosomal and ribosomal synthesis of secondary metabolites with putative antimicrobial action have been identified within the genome of FZB42. These gene clusters cover around 10% of the whole genome. Antimicrobial compounds suppress not only growth of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but could also stimulate induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. It has been found that besides secondary metabolites also volatile organic compounds are involved in the biocontrol effect exerted by FZB42 under biotic (plant pathogens) and abiotic stress conditions. In order to facilitate easy access to the genomic data, we have established an integrating data bank ‘AmyloWiki’ containing accumulated information about the genes present in FZB42, available mutant strains, and other aspects of FZB42 research, which is structured similar as the famous SubtiWiki data bank.
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              Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation

              Yun Chen, Jing WANG, Nan Yang … (2018)
              Interactions between bacteria and fungi have great environmental, medical, and agricultural importance, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we study the interactions between the bacterium Pseudomonas piscium, from the wheat head microbiome, and the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. We show that a compound secreted by the bacteria (phenazine-1-carboxamide) directly affects the activity of fungal protein FgGcn5, a histone acetyltransferase of the SAGA complex. This leads to deregulation of histone acetylation at H2BK11, H3K14, H3K18, and H3K27 in F. graminearum, as well as suppression of fungal growth, virulence, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. Therefore, an antagonistic bacterium can inhibit growth and virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by manipulating fungal histone modification.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms
                Title: Microorganisms
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: April 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 590
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; k3170100077@ 123456njfu.edu.cn (W.-L.K.); lps1996127@ 123456163.com (P.-S.L.); skyuwu@ 123456126.com (T.-Y.W.); taylorrui240@ 123456njfu.edu.cn (X.-R.S.)
                [2 ]Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: xqwu@ 123456njfu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7427
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0309-1676
                Article
                Publisher ID: microorganisms-08-00590
                DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040590
                PMC ID: 7232321
                PubMed ID: 32325752
                SO-VID: 9580392c-0ed0-41f2-b97b-26ad016c742e
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 March 2020
                Date accepted : 16 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: diffusible substances,volatile compounds,phytopathogenic fungi,pseudomonas sp.
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diffusible substances, volatile compounds, phytopathogenic fungi, pseudomonas sp.

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