Effects of Dextrose and Lipopolysaccharide on the Corrosion Behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with a Smooth Surface or Treated with Double-Acid-Etching

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Abstract

Diabetes and infections are associated with a high risk of implant failure. However, the effects of such conditions on the electrochemical stability of titanium materials remain unclear. This study evaluated the corrosion behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy, with a smooth surface or conditioned by double-acid-etching, in simulated body fluid with different concentrations of dextrose and lipopolysaccharide. For the electrochemical assay, the open-circuit-potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic test were used. The disc surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Their surface roughness and Vickers microhardness were also tested. The quantitative data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and independent t-tests (α = 0.05). In the corrosion parameters, there was a strong lipopolysaccharide correlation with the I _pass (passivation current density), C _dl (double-layer capacitance), and R _p (polarization resistance) values ( p<0.05) for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with surface treatment by double-acid-etching. The combination of dextrose and lipopolysaccharide was correlated with the I _corr (corrosion current density) and I _pass ( p<0.05). The acid-treated groups showed a significant increase in C _dl values and reduced R _p values ( p<0.05, t-test). According to the topography, there was an increase in surface roughness (R ² = 0.726, p<0.0001 for the smooth surface; R ² = 0.405, p = 0.036 for the double-acid-etching-treated surface). The microhardness of the smooth Ti-6Al-4V alloy decreased ( p<0.05) and that of the treated Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased ( p<0.0001). Atomic force microscopy showed changes in the microstructure of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy by increasing the surface thickness mainly in the group associated with dextrose and lipopolysaccharide. The combination of dextrose and lipopolysaccharide affected the corrosion behavior of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface treated with double-acid-etching. However, no dose-response corrosion behavior could be observed. These results suggest a greater susceptibility to corrosion of titanium implants in diabetic patients with associated infections.

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Most cited references 53

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Effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration: a systematic review.

Ann Wennerberg, Tomas Albrektsson (2009)

To analyse possible effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration. Our analyses were centred on a PubMed search that identified 1184 publications of assumed relevance; of those, 1064 had to be disregarded because they did not accurately present in vivo data on bone response to surface topography. The remaining 120 papers were read and analysed, after removal of an additional 20 papers that mainly dealt with CaP-coated and Zr implants; 100 papers remained and formed the basis for this paper. The bone response to differently configurated surfaces was mainly evaluated by histomorphometry (bone-to-implant contact), removal torque and pushout/pullout tests. A huge number of the experimental investigations have demonstrated that the bone response was influenced by the implant surface topography; smooth (S(a) 1-2 microm) surfaces showed stronger bone responses than rough (S(a)>2 microm) in some studies. One limitation was that it was difficult to compare many studies because of the varying quality of surface evaluations; a surface termed 'rough' in one study was not uncommonly referred to as 'smooth' in another; many investigators falsely assumed that surface preparation per se identified the roughness of the implant; and many other studies used only qualitative techniques such as SEM. Furthermore, filtering techniques differed or only height parameters (S(a), R(a)) were reported. * Surface topography influences bone response at the micrometre level. * Some indications exist that surface topography influences bone response at the nanometre level. * The majority of published papers present an inadequate surface characterization. * Measurement and evaluation techniques need to be standardized. * Not only height descriptive parameters but also spatial and hybrid ones should be used.

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The influence of abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and peri-implant mucositis.

W Papaioanno, J. W. A. M. den Teuling, E Schepers … (1996)

Bacterial adhesion to intra-oral, hard surfaces is firmly influenced by the surface roughness to these structures. Previous studies showed a remarkable higher subgingival bacterial load on rough surfaces when compared to smooth sites. More recently, the additional effect of a further smoothening of intra-oral hard surfaces on clinical and microbiological parameters was examined in a short-term experiment. The results indicated that a reduction in surface roughness below R(a) = 0.2 microns, the so-called "thresholds R(a)", had no further effect on the quantitative/qualitative microbiological adhesion or colonisation, neither supra- nor subgingivally. This study aims to examine the long-term effects of smoothening intra-oral hard transgingival surfaces. In 6 patients expecting an overdenture in the lower jaw, supported by endosseus titanium implants, 2 different abutments (transmucosal part of the implant): a standard machined titanium (R(a) = 0.2 microns) and one highly polished and made of a ceramic material (R(a) = 0.06 microns) were randomly installed. After 3 months of intra-oral exposure, supra- and subgingival plaque samples from both abutments were compared with each other by means of differential phase-contrast microscopy (DPCM). Clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth, gingival recession, bleeding upon probing and Periotest-value) were recorded around each abutment. After 12 months, the supra- and subgingival samples were additionally cultured in aerobic, CO2-enriched and anaerobic conditions. The same clinical parameters as at the 3-month interval were recorded after 12 months. At 3 months, spirochetes and motile organisms were only detected subgingivally around the titanium abutments. After 12 months, however, both abutment-types harboured equal proportions of spirochetes and motile organisms, both supra- and subgingivally. The microbial culturing (month 12) failed to detect large inter-abutment differences. The differences in number of colony- forming units (aerobic and anaerobic) were within one division of a logarithmic scale. The aerobic culture data showed a higher proportion of Gram-negative organisms in the subgingival flora of the rougher abutments. From the group of potentially "pathogenic" bacteria, only Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected for anaerobic culturing and again the inter-abutment differences were negligible. Clinically, the smoothest abutment showed a slightly higher increase in probing depth between months 3 and 12, and more bleeding on probing. The present results confirm the findings of our previous short-term study, indicating that a further reduction of the surface roughness, below a certain "threshold R(a)" (0.2 microns), has no major impact on the supra- and subgingival microbial composition.

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Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic BacteriumPorphyromonas gingivalis StrainW83

Karen Nelson, Robert Fleischmann, Robert T Deboy … (2004)

The complete 2,343,479-bp genome sequence of the gram-negative, pathogenic oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83, a major contributor to periodontal disease, was determined. Whole-genome comparative analysis with other available complete genome sequences confirms the close relationship between the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum and the green-sulfur bacteria. Within the CFB phyla, the genomes most similar to that of P. gingivalis are those of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis. Outside of the CFB phyla the most similar genome to P. gingivalis is that of Chlorobium tepidum, supporting the previous phylogenetic studies that indicated that the Chlorobia and CFB phyla are related, albeit distantly. Genome analysis of strain W83 reveals a range of pathways and virulence determinants that relate to the novel biology of this oral pathogen. Among these determinants are at least six putative hemagglutinin-like genes and 36 previously unidentified peptidases. Genome analysis also reveals that P. gingivalis can metabolize a range of amino acids and generate a number of metabolic end products that are toxic to the human host or human gingival tissue and contribute to the development of periodontal disease.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Jie Zheng: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date Collection: 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 26 March 2014

Volume: 9

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: e93377

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

[2 ]Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Aracatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

[3 ]Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago–College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

[4 ]Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

[5 ]Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

University of Akron, United States of America

Author notes

* E-mail: barao@ 123456fop.unicamp.br

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Conceived and designed the experiments: WGA VAB. Performed the experiments: LPF. Analyzed the data: LPF PSPC JCY CS MTM VAB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WGA PSPC VAB. Wrote the paper: LPF VAB.

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-48748

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093377

PMC ID: 3966875

PubMed ID: 24671257

SO-VID: 95e84752-dbde-410f-a8b8-9e6cc2d16977

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 19 November 2013

Date accepted : 3 March 2014

Page count

Pages: 15

Funding

The authors would like to thank Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP) for the financial support (#2012/14282-5 and #2011/20021-7). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Effects of Dextrose and Lipopolysaccharide on the Corrosion Behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with a Smooth Surface or Treated with Double-Acid-Etching

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Most cited references 53

Effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration: a systematic review.

The influence of abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and peri-implant mucositis.

Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic BacteriumPorphyromonas gingivalis StrainW83

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