This article examines the evidence for nitric oxide (NO) as a protective agent in splanchnic ischemia-reperfusion and other forms of acute intestinal inflammation. Four major points emerge from this body of data. First, acute intestinal inflammation results in an early (i.e., <5 min) and severe decrease in endothelium-derived NO. Thus the early trigger event in this condition is a functional loss of NO. Second, administration of exogenous NO, NO donors, or NO precursors ameliorate splanchnic ischemia-reperfusion and other forms of acute intestinal inflammation (i.e., splanchnic trauma). These beneficial effects occur at physiological levels of NO when given early in the course of the inflammatory state. Third, blockade of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or gene deletion of NOS exacerbates intestinal inflammation. Fourth, there are a variety of signaling mechanisms that may mediate the protective effect of NO.