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      Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar

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          Abstract

          Mercury cell chlor-alkali products are used to produce thousands of other products including food ingredients such as citric acid, sodium benzoate, and high fructose corn syrup. High fructose corn syrup is used in food products to enhance shelf life. A pilot study was conducted to determine if high fructose corn syrup contains mercury, a toxic metal historically used as an anti-microbial. High fructose corn syrup samples were collected from three different manufacturers and analyzed for total mercury. The samples were found to contain levels of mercury ranging from below a detection limit of 0.005 to 0.570 micrograms mercury per gram of high fructose corn syrup. Average daily consumption of high fructose corn syrup is about 50 grams per person in the United States. With respect to total mercury exposure, it may be necessary to account for this source of mercury in the diet of children and sensitive populations.

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          Dietary fructose consumption among US children and adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

          Miriam B Vos, Joel E Kimmons, Cathleen Gillespie … (2008)
          High fructose intake has been associated with increased de novo lipogenesis in the liver as well as increased plasma triglycerides, insulin resistance, and obesity. Fructose occurs naturally in fruits and vegetables; however, it is added to many processed foods as table sugar (sucrose) and high-fructose corn syrup. Dietary data from a nationally representative sample in 1977-1978 estimated that mean consumption of fructose was 37 g/day (8% of total intake). Little is known about more recent fructose consumption patterns. We determined the amount and sources of dietary fructose among US adults and children. We examined fructose consumption patterns by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index for 21,483 children and adults. We used a single 24-hour dietary recall administered in the third National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted estimates of fructose intake were tested for significant differences (P < .05) between groups. The mean consumption of fructose was estimated to be 54.7g/day (range, 38.4-72.8) and accounted for 10.2% of total caloric intake. Consumption was highest among adolescents (12-18 years) at 72.8 g/day (12.1% of total calories). One fourth of adolescents consumed at least 15% of calories from fructose. The largest source of fructose was sugar-sweetened beverages (30%) followed by grains (22%) and fruit or fruit juice (19%). Over 10% of Americans' daily calories were from fructose. These results, when compared with a previous nationally representative study, suggest that fructose consumption has increased. Further research is needed to understand the impact of increased intake of fructose on human health.
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            Technical report: mercury in the environment: implications for pediatricians.

            Lynn Goldman, Michael W Shannon (2001)
            Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes a wide range of adverse health effects in humans. Three forms of mercury (elemental, inorganic, and organic) exist, and each has its own profile of toxicity. Exposure to mercury typically occurs by inhalation or ingestion. Readily absorbed after its inhalation, mercury can be an indoor air pollutant, for example, after spills of elemental mercury in the home; however, industry emissions with resulting ambient air pollution remain the most important source of inhaled mercury. Because fresh-water and ocean fish may contain large amounts of mercury, children and pregnant women can have significant exposure if they consume excessive amounts of fish. The developing fetus and young children are thought to be disproportionately affected by mercury exposure, because many aspects of development, particularly brain maturation, can be disturbed by the presence of mercury. Minimizing mercury exposure is, therefore, essential to optimal child health. This review provides pediatricians with current information on mercury, including environmental sources, toxicity, and treatment and prevention of mercury exposure.
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              Human developmental neurotoxicity of methylmercury: impact of variables and risk modifiers.

              Carolina Johansson, Sandra Ceccatelli, Anna F Castoldi … (2008)
              Methylmercury (MeHg) is a widespread environmental and food toxicant which has long been known to affect neurodevelopment in both humans and experimental animals. Risk assessment for MeHg is mainly based on human data coming from the massive episodes of poisoning in Japan and Iraq, as well as from large scale epidemiological studies concerning childhood development and neurotoxicity in relation to in utero exposure in various fish eating communities around the world. Despite the extensive literature and research, the threshold dose for MeHg neurotoxic effects is still unclear, in particular when it comes to subtle effects on neurobehaviour. In this article clinical and epidemiological findings concerning the neurodevelopmental toxicity of MeHg are reviewed. Much attention is focussed on the potential impact of factors, such as diet and nutrition, gender, pattern of exposure and co-exposure to other neurotoxic pollutants, which may modulate MeHg toxic effects. These factors, together with the notion that some symptoms may ensue or exacerbate with aging, contribute to the difficulties in the definition of safe levels for developmental exposure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health
                Title: Environmental Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1476-069X
                Publication date Collection: 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 January 2009
                Volume: 8
                Page: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck, ND, USA
                [2 ]Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
                [3 ]Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
                [4 ]Department of Chemistry and Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
                [5 ]Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
                [6 ]Department of Internal Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
                [7 ]Contributing Editor, Alternative Medicine Review, Durango, CO, USA
                [8 ]Professor of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1476-069X-8-2
                DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-8-2
                PMC ID: 2637263
                PubMed ID: 19171026
                SO-VID: 96fbe433-8a62-42da-b460-831109a6700d
                Copyright © Copyright ©2009 Dufault et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 9 September 2008
                Date accepted : 26 January 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Commentary

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

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