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      Validation of the HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Stigma Scale: Performance of Likert and Semantic Differential Scale Versions

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          Abstract

          Stigma regarding HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is commonly implicated as a factor limiting the scale-up of this highly effective HIV prevention modality. To quantify and characterize PrEP stigma, we developed and validated a brief HIV PrEP Stigma Scale (HPSS) among a group of 279 men who have sex with men (MSM). Scale development was informed by a theoretical model to enhance content validity. We assessed two scale versions, Semantic Differential and Likert, randomizing the order in which scales were presented to participants. Both scales demonstrated high internal consistency. The Likert scale had substantially better construct validity and was selected as the preferred option. Scale scores demonstrated construct validity through association with constructs of interest: healthcare distrust, HIV knowledge, perceived proportion of friends/partners on PrEP, perceived community evaluation of PrEP, and perceived effectiveness of PrEP. The scale accounted for 25% of the total variance in reported willingness to be on PrEP, indicating the substantial role PrEP stigma may have on decisions to initiate PrEP. Given increased efforts to roll-out PrEP, having a valid tool to determine the level and types of PrEP stigma in individuals, groups, and communities can help direct implementation plans, identify goals for stigma reduction, and monitor progress over time.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-020-02820-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Resumen

          El estigma relacionado con la profilaxis pre-exposición para la prevención del VIH (PrEP, por sus siglas en inglés) ha sido identificado como un factor que limita la implementación a gran escala de esta efectiva modalidad de prevención del VIH. Para poder cuantificar y caracterizar el estigma relacionado al PrEP, desarrollamos y validamos una breve Escala de Estigma al PrEP (HPSS, por sus siglas en inglés) con un grupo de 279 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. El desarrollo de la escala se basó en un modelo teórico para optimizar la validez de contenido. Evaluamos dos versiones de la escala, Diferencial Semántico y Likert, alternando aleatoriamente el orden en que se presentaron las escalas a los participantes. Ambas escalas demostraron alta consistencia interna. La escala Likert tuvo una mejor validez de constructo y fue seleccionada como la opción preferencial. Los puntajes de la escala demostraron validez de constructo a través de su asociación con las siguientes construcciones de interés: desconfianza en el sistema de salud, conocimiento acerca del VIH, percepción de la proporción de amigos/compañeros que toman PrEP, percepción de la evaluación comunitaria acerca del PrEP, y percepción de la efectividad del PrEP. La escala representó el 25% de la varianza total de la disposición a tomar PrEP, lo que indica el importante rol que el estigma asociado al PrEP puede tener en la decisión de empezar a tomar PrEP. Dado el aumento de los esfuerzos para implementar PrEP, el contar con una herramienta válida para determinar el nivel y los tipos de estigma relacionado al PrEP en individuos, grupos y comunidades puede ayudar a dar dirección a los planes de implementación, a identificar objetivos para la reducción del estigma y a monitorear el progreso a lo largo del tiempo.

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          Most cited references44

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          From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures.

          Recent analyses suggest that lack of clarity in the conceptualization and measurement of HIV stigma at an individual level is a significant barrier to HIV prevention and treatment efforts. In order to address this concern, we articulate a new framework designed to aid in clarifying the conceptualization and measurement of HIV stigma among individuals. The HIV Stigma Framework explores how the stigma of HIV elicits a series of stigma mechanisms, which in turn lead to deleterious outcomes for HIV uninfected and infected people. We then apply this framework to review measures developed to gauge the effect of HIV stigma since the beginning of the epidemic. Finally, we emphasize the utility of using three questions to guide future HIV stigma research: who is affected by, how are they affected by, and what are the outcomes of HIV stigma?
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            From efficacy to effectiveness: facilitators and barriers to PrEP acceptability and motivations for adherence among MSM and transgender women in New York City.

            This study examined potential facilitators and barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use and their association with PrEP acceptability and motivations for adherence among 184 MSM and transgender women living in New York City. Participants were presented with educational information about PrEP and completed a computerized survey. Overall, 55.4% of participants reported willingness to take PrEP. The most highly endorsed barriers to PrEP use were health concerns, including both long-term impacts and short-term side effects, questions about PrEP's impact on future drug resistance, and concerns that PrEP does not provide complete protection against HIV. The most highly endorsed facilitator was free access to PrEP, followed by access to support services such as regular HIV testing, sexual health care/monitoring, and access to one-on-one counseling. Participants of color rated both barriers and facilitators as more important than their White counterparts. In multivariate models, barrier and facilitator scores significantly predicted not only PrEP acceptability, but also motivation for PrEP adherence among those who were likely to use PrEP. PrEP implementation programs should consider addressing these barriers and facilitators in protocol and policy development. Findings underscore the importance of support services, such as sexual health counseling, to the success of PrEP as a prevention strategy.
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              The prevalence of pre-exposure prophylaxis use and the pre-exposure prophylaxis–to-need ratio in the fourth quarter of 2017, United States

              The number of individuals who have started a regimen for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United States is not well characterized but has been on the rise since 2012. This analysis assesses the distribution of PrEP use nationally and among subgroups.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                asiegle@emory.edu
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                10 March 2020
                10 March 2020
                2020
                : 24
                : 9
                : 2637-2649
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.189967.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, , Emory University, ; 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.189967.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, , Emory University, ; 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.253615.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9510, Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, , The George Washington University, ; 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.214458.e, ISNI 0000000086837370, Department of Health Behavior Health Education, School of Public Health, , University of Michigan, ; Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.4367.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2355 7002, Division of Infectious Diseases, , Washington University in St. Louis, ; 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.410721.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0407, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, , University of Mississippi Medical Center, ; 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.410721.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0407, Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, , University of Mississippi Medical Center, ; 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
                [8 ]GRID grid.245849.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0457 1396, The Fenway Institute, ; 1340 Boylston Street, Boston, MA USA
                [9 ]Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-7540
                Article
                2820
                10.1007/s10461-020-02820-6
                7423865
                32157490
                97510924-b263-44b4-98a4-8cba2e2a587d
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000025, National Institute of Mental Health;
                Award ID: R01MH114692
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009633, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development;
                Award ID: U19HD089881
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep),social stigma,primary prevention,hiv,rating scales

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