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      A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Sensor Networks

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          Abstract

          Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) constitute a subset of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) responsible for monitoring vital sign-related data of patients and accordingly route this data towards a sink. In routing sensed data towards sinks, WBSNs face some of the same routing challenges as general WSNs, but the unique requirements of WBSNs impose some more constraints that need to be addressed by the routing mechanisms. This paper identifies various issues and challenges in pursuit of effective routing in WBSNs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed literature review of the various existing routing protocols used in the WBSN domain by discussing their strengths and weaknesses.

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          Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm.

          H H PENNES (1948)
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            A comprehensive survey of Wireless Body Area Networks : on PHY, MAC, and Network layers solutions.

            Sana Ullah, Henry Higgins, Bart Braem … (2012)
            Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.
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              Electromagnetic Simulation Using the FDTD Method

              Dennis Sullivan (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: January 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2014
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1322-1357
                Affiliations
                Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai Johor, Malaysia; E-Mails: ibjaved2@ 123456live.utm.my (J.I.B.); anisi@ 123456utm.my (M.H.A.); wkabdul2@ 123456live.utm.my (A.W.K.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hanan@ 123456utm.my ; Tel.: +607-553-8761; Fax: +607-553-8822.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-14-01322
                DOI: 10.3390/s140101322
                PMC ID: 3926617
                PubMed ID: 24419163
                SO-VID: 97d1c55e-cdc0-48a4-ad8f-3bc7aa4530b8
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 November 2013
                Date revision received : 30 December 2013
                Date accepted : 30 December 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: wireless body sensor networks,routing protocols,wireless sensor networks
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: wireless body sensor networks, routing protocols, wireless sensor networks

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