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      Ultrahigh speed endoscopic optical coherence tomography using micromotor imaging catheter and VCSEL technology

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          Abstract

          We developed a micromotor based miniature catheter with an outer diameter of 3.2 mm for ultrahigh speed endoscopic swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) using a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) at a 1 MHz axial scan rate. The micromotor can rotate a micro-prism at several hundred frames per second with less than 5 V drive voltage to provide fast and stable scanning, which is not sensitive to the bending of the catheter. The side-viewing probe can be pulled back to acquire a three-dimensional (3D) data set covering a large area on the specimen. The VCSEL provides a high axial scan rate to support dense sampling under high frame rate operation. Using a high speed data acquisition system, in vivo 3D-OCT imaging in the rabbit GI tract and ex vivo imaging of a human colon specimen with 8 μm axial resolution, 8 μm lateral resolution and 1.2 mm depth range in tissue at a frame rate of 400 fps was demonstrated.

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          Optical coherence tomography.

          D. Huang, E Swanson, C. Lin … (1991)
          A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.
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            In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography.

            G. J. Tearney, M Brezinski, B. Bouma … (1997)
            Current medical imaging technologies allow visualization of tissue anatomy in the human body at resolutions ranging from 100 micrometers to 1 millimeter. These technologies are generally not sensitive enough to detect early-stage tissue abnormalities associated with diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis, which require micrometer-scale resolution. Here, optical coherence tomography was adapted to allow high-speed visualization of tissue in a living animal with a catheter-endoscope 1 millimeter in diameter. This method, referred to as "optical biopsy," was used to obtain cross-sectional images of the rabbit gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts at 10-micrometer resolution.
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              Ultrahigh speed 1050nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100,000 to 400,000 axial scans per second.

              Benjamin Potsaid, Bernhard Baumann, David Huang … (2010)
              We demonstrate ultrahigh speed swept source/Fourier domain ophthalmic OCT imaging using a short cavity swept laser at 100,000 - 400,000 axial scan rates. Several design configurations illustrate tradeoffs in imaging speed, sensitivity, axial resolution, and imaging depth. Variable rate A/D optical clocking is used to acquire linear-in-k OCT fringe data at 100 kHz axial scan rate with 5.3 um axial resolution in tissue. Fixed rate sampling at 1 GSPS achieves a 7.5mm imaging range in tissue with 6.0 um axial resolution at 100 kHz axial scan rate. A 200 kHz axial scan rate with 5.3 um axial resolution over 4mm imaging range is achieved by buffering the laser sweep. Dual spot OCT using two parallel interferometers achieves 400 kHz axial scan rate, almost 2X faster than previous 1050 nm ophthalmic results and 20X faster than current commercial instruments. Superior sensitivity roll-off performance is shown. Imaging is demonstrated in the human retina and anterior segment. Wide field 12x12 mm data sets include the macula and optic nerve head. Small area, high density imaging shows individual cone photoreceptors. The 7.5 mm imaging range configuration can show the cornea, iris, and anterior lens in a single image. These improvements in imaging speed and depth range provide important advantages for ophthalmic imaging. The ability to rapidly acquire 3D-OCT data over a wide field of view promises to simplify examination protocols. The ability to image fine structures can provide detailed information on focal pathologies. The large imaging range and improved image penetration at 1050 m wavelengths promises to improve performance for instrumentation which images both the retina and anterior eye. These advantages suggest that swept source OCT at 1050 nm wavelengths will play an important role in future ophthalmic instrumentation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Opt Express
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Opt Express
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BOE
                Title: Biomedical Optics Express
                Publisher: Optical Society of America
                ISSN (Electronic): 2156-7085
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2013
                Publication date Collection: 01 July 2013
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 June 2013
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1119-1132
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
                [2 ]Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., Newton, NJ, USA
                [3 ]Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
                [4 ]Thorlabs Quantum Electronics, Inc., Jessup, MD, USA
                [5 ]Pattern Recognition Lab and Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
                [6 ]Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: 187097
                DOI: 10.1364/BOE.4.001119
                PMC ID: 3704093
                PubMed ID: 23847737
                SO-VID: 98965ba8-1ee2-4391-84b3-fff6623e6a04
                Copyright © ©2013 Optical Society of America
                License:

                author-open

                History
                Date received : 14 March 2013
                Date revision received : 04 June 2013
                Date accepted : 06 June 2013
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health
                Award ID: R01-CA75289-16
                Award ID: R44-CA101067-06
                Award ID: R44EY022864-01
                Award ID: R01-EY011289-27
                Award ID: R01-HL095717-04
                Award ID: R01-NS057476-05
                Funded by: Air Force Office of Scientific Research
                Award ID: FA9550-10-1-0063
                Funded by: Medical Free Electron Laser Program
                Award ID: FA9550-10-1-0551
                Funded by: German Research Foundation
                Award ID: DFG-GSC80-SAOT
                Award ID: DFG-HO-1791/11-1
                Categories
                Subject: Endoscopes, Catheters and Micro-Optics
                Custom metadata
                OpenAccess True
                OpenAccessEmbargo 0

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences
                Keywords: (170.4500) optical coherence tomography,(170.3880) medical and biological imaging,(170.2150) endoscopic imaging,(170.2680) gastrointestinal,(140.3600) three-dimensional image acquisition,(110.2350) fiber optics imaging,(120.5800) scanners,(120.3890) medical optics instrumentation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences
                Keywords: (170.4500) optical coherence tomography, (170.3880) medical and biological imaging, (170.2150) endoscopic imaging, (170.2680) gastrointestinal, (140.3600) three-dimensional image acquisition, (110.2350) fiber optics imaging, (120.5800) scanners, (120.3890) medical optics instrumentation

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