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      Lived experience of infertility among Hong Kong Chinese women

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          ABSTRACT

          Purpose: This study aims to explore and describe the phenomenon of women with infertility and to enhance understanding on how infertility affects their lives and the specific social consequence they encountered. Method: A qualitative phenomenological design was adopted in this study. A total of 13 women who are infertile participated in the study. A snowball sampling method was adopted. Data were analysed through thematic analysis. Results: Four themes emerged in the study, including (i) non-escapable cultural burden in Chinese family; (ii) psychological distress: isolation caused by envy; (iii) disappointment towards reproductive health services; and (iv) self-compassion and religion as coping strategies. Conclusions: The causes of infertility are highly complex. Apart from medical conditions, many social conditions would also probably trigger the difficulty of conceiving. Health care professional should also focus on the social and psychological aspects of women of infertility.

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          The experience of infertility: a review of recent literature.

          Arthur L Greil, Kathleen S Slauson-Blevins, Julia McQuillan (2010)
          About 10 years ago Greil published a review and critique of the literature on the socio-psychological impact of infertility. He found at the time that most scholars treated infertility as a medical condition with psychological consequences rather than as a socially constructed reality. This article examines research published since the last review. More studies now place infertility within larger social contexts and social scientific frameworks although clinical emphases persist. Methodological problems remain but important improvements are also evident. We identify two vigorous research traditions in the social scientific study of infertility. One tradition uses primarily quantitative techniques to study clinic patients in order to improve service delivery and to assess the need for psychological counselling. The other tradition uses primarily qualitative research to capture the experiences of infertile people in a sociocultural context. We conclude that more attention is now being paid to the ways in which the experience of infertility is shaped by social context. We call for continued progress in the development of a distinctly sociological approach to infertility and for the continued integration of the two research traditions identified here.
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            Defining infertility--a systematic review of prevalence studies.

            S Gurunath, Z Pandian, Richard Anderson … (2015)
            Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. The absence of an agreed definition also compromises clinical management and undermines the impact of research findings. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to determine how infertility has been defined in prevalence studies and to come up with suggestions for a feasible and clinically relevant definition. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for relevant population-based prevalence studies published between 1975 and 2010. A total of 39 articles were included in the current review. The results highlight the heterogeneity of criteria used to define infertility and critical differences between demographic and epidemiological definitions. Demographers tend to define infertility as childlessness in a population of women of reproductive age, while the epidemiological definition is based on 'trying for' or 'time to' a pregnancy, generally in a population of women exposed to the risk of conception. There is considerable variation in terms of the duration of 'trying for pregnancy', the age of women sampled and their marital or cohabitation status. This leads to inconsistencies in determining the numerator and denominator used to calculate the prevalence of infertility. There is a need for an agreed definition for infertility. We suggest a clinically relevant definition based on the duration of trying for pregnancy coupled with female age.
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              The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: Results of a qualitative study

              Seyede Batool Hasanpoor-Azghdy, Masoumeh Simbar, AbouAli Vedadhir (2014)
              Background: Infertility is a major life event that brings about social and psychological problems. The type and rate these problems in the context of socio-cultural of different geographical areas and sex of people is different. Objective: The aim of this qualitative study was to explain the psychological consequences of infertility in Iranian infertile women seeking treatment. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was done using qualitative content analysis on 25 women affected by primary and secondary infertility with no surviving children in 2012. They were purposefully selected with maximum sample variation from a large Fertility Health Research Center in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using 32 semi-structured interviews and analyzed by the conventional content analysis method. Results: The findings of this study include four main themes: 1. Cognitive reactions of infertility (mental engagement; psychological turmoil). 2. Cognitive reactions to therapy process (psychological turmoil; being difficult to control in some situations; reduced self-esteem; feelings of failure). 3. Emotional-affective reactions of infertility (fear, anxiety and worry; loneliness and guilt; grief and depression; regret). 4. Emotional-affective reactions to therapy process (fear, anxiety and worry; fatigue and helplessness; grief and depression; hopelessness). Conclusion: This study revealed that Iranian infertile women seeking treatment face several psychological-emotional problems with devastating effects on the mental health and well-being of the infertile individuals and couples, while the infertility is often treated as a biomedical issue in Iranian context with less attention on the mental-emotional, social and cultural aspects. This article extracted from Ph.D. thesis. (Seyede Batool Hasanpoor-Azghady)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZQHW
                Journal ID (publisher-id): zqhw20
                Title: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 1748-2623
                ISSN (Electronic): 1748-2631
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 December 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1554023
                Affiliations
                [a ] School of Nursing and Health Studies, Open University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong
                [b ] School of Arts and Social Sciences, Open University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong
                Author notes
                CONTACT Mimi MH Tiu mhtiu@ 123456ouhk.edu.hk School of Nursing and Health Studies, Open University of Hong Kong , Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1554023
                DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2018.1554023
                PMC ID: 6319451
                PubMed ID: 30704372
                SO-VID: 98fc08f1-ab7e-4a82-b9eb-70b10710aaf5
                Copyright © © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 26 November 2018
                Page count
                Tables: 1, References: 39, Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: Katie Shu Sui Pui Charitable Trust—Research and Publication
                Award ID: KS 2016/1.2
                The work reported in this paper was fully supported by a grant from the Katie Shu Sui Pui Charitable Trust—Research and Publication Fund (KS 2016/1.2)
                Categories
                Subject: Empirical Studies

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: infertility,lived experience,phenomenological study,chinese women
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: infertility, lived experience, phenomenological study, chinese women

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