Enhanced Oil Spill Remediation Using Environmentally Asymmetric Dicationic Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation

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Abstract

The disastrous consequences for society—economically, environmentally, and socially—caused by oil spills encouraged us to treat this problem. The target of this work is to synthesize new amphiphilic dicationic ionic liquids (Ia, Ib, and Ic) and evaluate them spectroscopically and gravimetrically as potential oil spill dispersants at different temperatures to cover cold and warm areas. The synthesized ILs were well characterized by different tools for analysis of their surface activity and thermal stability. Ia, Ib, and Ic showed good dispersion effects, which were recorded to be 5.32, 20.45, and 33.61% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 10 °C and 12.28, 52.55, and 66.80% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 30 °C with a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 0.8:10 (wt.%). Acute toxicity tests were elucidated against Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus fish and confirmed their slight toxicity by determining a LC50 value greater than 100 ppm after 96 h, which recorded 13.25, 17.75, and 37.5 mg/L for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively. Overall, the new synthesized ILs can be represented as sustainable materials for toxic chemicals to disperse oil spills.

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Bioremediation techniques–classification based on site of application: principles, advantages, limitations and prospects

Christopher Azubuike, Chioma Chikere, Gideon Okpokwasili (2016)

Environmental pollution has been on the rise in the past few decades owing to increased human activities on energy reservoirs, unsafe agricultural practices and rapid industrialization. Amongst the pollutants that are of environmental and public health concerns due to their toxicities are: heavy metals, nuclear wastes, pesticides, green house gases, and hydrocarbons. Remediation of polluted sites using microbial process (bioremediation) has proven effective and reliable due to its eco-friendly features. Bioremediation can either be carried out ex situ or in situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type and concentration of pollutants. Generally, ex situ techniques apparently are more expensive compared to in situ techniques as a result of additional cost attributable to excavation. However, cost of on-site installation of equipment, and inability to effectively visualize and control the subsurface of polluted sites are of major concerns when carrying out in situ bioremediation. Therefore, choosing appropriate bioremediation technique, which will effectively reduce pollutant concentrations to an innocuous state, is crucial for a successful bioremediation project. Furthermore, the two major approaches to enhance bioremediation are biostimulation and bioaugmentation provided that environmental factors, which determine the success of bioremediation, are maintained at optimal range. This review provides more insight into the two major bioremediation techniques, their principles, advantages, limitations and prospects.

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Offshore oil spill response practices and emerging challenges

Pu Li, Qinhong Cai, Weiyun Lin … (2016)

Offshore oil spills are of tremendous concern due to their potential impact on economic and ecological systems. A number of major oil spills triggered worldwide consciousness of oil spill preparedness and response. Challenges remain in diverse aspects such as oil spill monitoring, analysis, assessment, contingency planning, response, cleanup, and decision support. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current situations and impacts of offshore oil spills, as well as the policies and technologies in offshore oil spill response and countermeasures. Correspondingly, new strategies and a decision support framework are recommended for improving the capacities and effectiveness of oil spill response and countermeasures. In addition, the emerging challenges in cold and harsh environments are reviewed with recommendations due to increasing risk of oil spills in the northern regions from the expansion of the Arctic Passage.

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Ionic liquids as a potential tool for drug delivery systems

Noorul Adawiyah, Muhammad Moniruzzaman, Siti Hawatulaila … (2016)

The pharmaceutical industries face a series of challenges in the delivery of many newly developed drug molecules because of their low solubility, bioavailability, stability and polymorphic conversion. The pharmaceutical industries face a series of challenges in the delivery of many newly developed drug molecules because of their low solubility, bioavailability, stability and polymorphic conversion. These limitations are further exacerbated when drug molecules are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water and most pharmaceutically accepted organic solvents. To address these limitations, innovation is required in the pharmaceutical sciences for the formulation of drugs, solvents or systems for effective drug delivery. Fortunately, in the past few years, ionic liquids (ILs)—a novel class of environmentally benign and tailor-made solvents—have been increasingly exploited as solvents, co-solvents and/or materials in the fields of pharmaceutical drug delivery and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) formulation because of their unique and tunable physicochemical and biological properties. The use of ILs can markedly improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. To highlight the potential of ILs as a drug delivery/formulation tool, this review gives an overview of the application of ILs to address critical pharmaceutical challenges, including the low solubility, polymorphism and bioavailability of drugs. This review is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to present the efforts made in using ILs in drug solubility, API formulation and drug delivery, including topical, transdermal and oral delivery, with particular emphasis on recent developments.